Granite South Carolina Train Disater Term Paper

Granite South Carolina Train Disater - Term Paper Example ion was train number 192 of the Norfolk southern train while the other stationary one was also a Norfolk Southern train number P22 and was effectively stationed on a siding adjacent to the Avondale Mills factory. One of the most probable causes that could have fundamentally fueled this particular event was the fact that the train number 192 was potentially misdirected using switching of train lanes from the main one to a subsidiary track into the region of where the train number 192 was directed and hence this accredited to the collision near the Avondale Mills plant. Norfolk southern train number 192 was also scheduled to carry and in effect was carrying bulk amounts of chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and cresol while when the incident took place one of the containers loaded with latter chemicals punctured on site and the surrounding block of topography was potentially exposed to hazardous elements in these course of events. The non-static locomotive was carrying forty two cars from which sixteen were derailed at the point of impact. Further to this the stationary engine labeled train number P22 had two cars docked from which one of them fell out at the point of impact. It may also be imperative to note that one of the freight cars loaded on train number 192 had ninety tons on chlorine from which sixty ton of the gas was emitted again during the crash. It was established later in a NTSB (National transport safety board) that the leak was due to a puncture in the chlorine container and hence this was the particular reason the hazardous gas was emitte d into the atmosphere. The NTSB report also showcased that three emergency calls were made right after the crash with potential eyewitness claiming to have seen and heard a train wreck in the area. The report also stressed that one of the three callers claimed to have smelled bleach near the crash site after which the call was abruptly ended. The fact again signifies that the chlorine containers did in actuality break from

International studies Essay Example for Free

International studies Essay 1. Business and Economics WEEK 4: Theories of International Trade and Investment 2. Mercantilism is a bankrupt theory that has no place in the modern world. Discuss. 3.   Mercantilism a country should maintain a trade surplus, even if that means that imports are limited by government intervention. Bankrupt theory because: – Inconsistent with the general notion of globalization. †¢ Eventually, a country will find it difficult to export if it imposes oppressive quotas and tariffs on its imports. – Consumers in the mercantilist country suffer. †¢ Denied access to either â€Å"cheaper† or more â€Å"sophisticated† goods from other countries. 4. Is free trade fair? Discuss. 5. Trade theory suggests that specialization and free trade benefits all countries. However, a case can be made in some situations for imposing trade barriers. E.g.: – Infant industry argument – National security 6.What are the potential costs of adopting a free trade regime? Do you think governments should do anything to reduce these costs? What? 7. Job loss Government should: –provide retraining programs OR –Do nothing, it will all come out in the wash 8. THE RISE OF BANGLADESH’S TEXTILE TRADE (PG. 206) CLOSING CASE: 9. Why was the shift to a free trade regime in the textile industry good for Bangladesh? 10. Until 2005, Bangladesh’s opportunities in the developed nations were governed by a quota system. Introduction of free trade policies enabled Bangladesh to increase its exports. Competitive advantage in the production of textiles. – low cost, productive labour force. – strong network of supporting industries. Also, attracted Western importers looking to diversify their supplier base. 11. Who benefits when retailers in the United States source textiles from low wage countries such as Bangladesh? Who might lose? Do the gains outweigh the losses? 12. BANGLADESH low cost, lower price ï‚ §competitive advantage US Higher price fewer garments purchased locally Possible job loss 13. What international trade theory, or theories, best explain the rise of Bangladesh as a textile exporting powerhouse? 14. Exporting powerhouse: – Relatively low wages. – Investments in boosting productivity levels. – Network of supporting industries.   Theory of comparative advantage ï‚ § Porter’s theory of competitive advantage 15. How secure is Bangladesh’s textile industry from foreign competition? What  factors could ultimately lead to a decline? 16. Bangladesh is attractive due to: – low cost garments – the opportunity for importers to diversify their supply base (Importers do not want to solely rely on China and see – Importers do not want to solely rely on China and see Bangladesh as an attractive alternative to hedge risks.   However, their infrastructure could prove to be problematic for its exporters. – If importers find that infrastructure problems disrupt their supplies, they could begin to look for new source countries. – Bangladesh should make the necessary investments to avoid any disruptions in the industry. 17. THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK NEXT WEEK:

Conspiracy Theories Explained

Conspiracy Theories Explained Introduction â€Å"Conspiracy theory† is a subject that awakens our sense of interest and curiosity. Knowing that what we are told may not be true, makes us want to know more about that subject and, sometimes, any other theory that comfort us, seems more legit. These theories are like a darker side of some huge events, that the government and/or other secret facilities want to hide from the society, and the society tends to be suspicious, leading to an uncertainty about the official statements. This subject is very exciting for our group because it’s something that makes us curious and it has to do with our possible future job as part of the media. We also chose this theme because we think it’s a very good way to develop the interest of our school mates, to be more curious and develop their sense of investigation. A person who’s curious about something like theories of conspiracy is a person that is curious about everything and that’s very important in social communication students like us. Furthermore, curiosity has always been one of the most important characteristic of human beings, because if we weren’t curious, we wouldn’t have discovered how to make fire yet. Ana Rita Rebelo What are Conspiracy Theories and why do people tend to believe them? The word â€Å"conspiracy† comes from Latin, con (with) and spirare (breathe). By joining â€Å"breathing† and â€Å"with†, we get whispering, which presuppose a secret. So, conspiracy is a group of people who act in secret. Conspiracy theories are non-proven alternative explanations for facts or events, usually created by someone or a group who has an opinion that goes against the official version of the same episode. The creators and fans of those theories that are supported and confirmed by respectable institutions or highly credible people, are usually sceptics about the explanations that is given to the society, so they come up with theories that reveal an â€Å"alleged secret plan, led by a secret alliance of powerful organizations and individuals† (Freedman 2000)[1]. The majority of people, who believe on these kinds of theories, have lost their faith in politics, or on the hierarchical power that rules the country. Those leaders in charge are considered to be double-crossers and ruthless people, so any official explanations that come from them are immediately declined or causes a lot of uncertainty within society. This leads to an increased reliability in any other unofficial explanation. Other common feature in believers of conspiracy theories is fear. If, for example, it had occurred a terrorist attack or a natural disaster, we would feel powerless and panicking, so we would more easily believe in any theory that can comfort us, even if it goes against the official explanation and if it can’t be proved. Ana Rita Rebelo How do people create theories of conspiracy? 1- Define your Conspiracy subject matter Choosesomething people find puzzling,conspiracy theories develop where people are mystified, confused and curious. People have the in need to feel that there is sense in what happens in the world, thats why when we dont understand them we’ll make a story/theory for why events happen. 2 Make sure what you choose to explain is significant to enough readers. If your subject isnt significant to other people they wont even give you the time to explain your theory cause theyre not into it, so if you want your theory to spread, be known and have followers/supporters youll have to choose an interesting subject, not just for you bur for others, something with a big impact in society and the world. 3 Identify the agents responsible for the Conspiracy You always have to find someone to put the blame on, normally people dont easily accept the fact that things happened because it was supposed to, like when a natural disaster occurs some people accept that it wasnt our fault, others have to find someone to put the blame on and accuse as the culprit. 4 Connect the Dots Make the links between the subject you chose and the actors (those responsible for the conspiracy), revealing what has been industriously hidden by the conspirators until now. Some examples of the conspiracy theories are the Escape of Adolf Hitler and the planning of 11th September. Ana Rita Loureiro Examples of Conspiracy Theories There are documents that â€Å"prove† that Hitler didn’t committed suicide in 1945, after knowing that Nazis didn’t won the war. Moreover, it’s believed that he escaped in a submarine to Argentina. Two journalists, Simon Dunstan and Gerrard Williams, wrote Grey Wolf: The Escape Of Adolf Hitler that talks about the journey till his arrival, and the life he had in Argentina. Some people even believed that the famous skull that have the bullet hole of Hitler’s suicide is not his head, but â€Å"RochusMisch, Hitler’s former radio operator and the last survivor of the Berlin bunker, says he saw the bodies of ‘the boss’ and Eva Braun with his_own_eyes.†[2] About 11th September, many people refuse the official story. Many of them believe that the attack was generated by the US government, to provide political benefits to the country. Supposedly, the plan was explained to terrorists so that they could prepare the attack because, f or the society, is almost impossible to believe that 19 terrorists managed to cause all that chaos and destruction for themselves. In the Internet, there is a theory that says that if we write in the Word â€Å"Q33 NY† in the font â€Å"wingdings†, we obtainà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã… ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â€ž ¢, which reminds us of the attack that caused the crash of the twin towers and the death of a lot of US citizens. People who are fan of the theories of conspiracy begin to make some associations. Catarina Pereira How the Government mutes the Social Media? Sometimes, a few journalists tend to investigate by their own something that they think it has to be investigated, even when their superiors stop that investigation. When they try to find out the truth about something that the government doesn’t want them to find, what does the Government do? Conspiracy theories begin when journalists try to find the truth and try to tell the people what they’ve discovered, but when the government doesn’t want that truth to come out, it’s quite easy to just mute the journalists that tried to speak to the society. A journalist is powerless compared to the government, so the government just speaks to the people and say â€Å"that’s not true†, even when the journalists have a lot of evidences. The government has a lot more influence on the society because we all know the power they have. Even if we consider believing that the conspiracy is true, the government can easily change our minds with the influence they have over the society, even over the social media. Some people can’t even consider to believe in what the media say because of the influence that the government as over them. In the other hand, people that believe in the conspiracy theories don’t listen to the government. Those people feel powerless about something and don’t trust the political power and, sometimes, people that have evidence on their own, who saw or had experienced something, made them believe that conspiracy theories are actually true. Ana Margarida Dinis Conclusion In one hand, we all know that Conspiracy theories are not easy to believe because it lacks of evidence and sustainable proves. But in the other hand, it’s a fact the people always tend to believe in theories and convictions that can comfort us, and sometimes, all the mystery involving some events, makes us a little bit more curious, wary and open minded to this speculations. As Dan Brown says in Da Vinci Code, â€Å"Everyone loves a conspiracy.† Television, but mostly Internet, are the greatest boosters to make people believe in conspiracy theories. We found an article about this subject in a famous Portuguese magazine, that says that â€Å"World Wide Web gives voice to a lot of crazy and scary conspiracy theories about everything people can imagine. To more depressing to the funnier, going through the absurd (†¦)†[3]. There are some sceptical people who despite this theories, and also people who consider them ridiculous. But we, as a bio, psico, socio and cultural beings, believe that even if we aren’t sure about something, we have to keep an open mind and we can’t reject it without knowing at least a little bit about the subject. Ana Rita Rebelo Webgraphy BRAIN, Marshall (n.d.). How Conspiracy Theories Work. How stuff Works?.  Available inhttp://people.howstuffworks.com/conspiracy-theory.htm [Consulted  in 19th May, 2014] DEWSBURY, Rick; HALL, Allan HARDING, Eleanor (18th October, 2011).  Did Hitler and Eva Braun flee Berlin and die (divorced) of old age in   Argentina?. Daily Mail. Available in http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2050137/Did-Hitler-Eva-Braun-flee-Berlin-die-old-age-Argentina.html  [Consulted in 19th May, 2014] ScienceDaily (28th November, 2012); Porque as pessoas acreditam em teorias  da conspiraà §Ãƒ £o?. Hypescience. Available in http://hypescience.com/porque-as-pessoas-acreditam-em-teorias-da-conspiracao/ [Consulted in 19th May,  2014] SILVA, Sandra (2010). Teorias da Conspiraà §Ãƒ £o: Seduà §Ãƒ £o e Resistà ªncia a partir   da Literacia Medià ¡tica. Tese de Mestrado, Faculdade de Letras da  Universidade do Porto. Available in http://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream /10216/55681/2/TESEMESSANDRASILVA000126278.pdf [Consulted in 19th  May, 2014] Teorias da conspiraà §Ãƒ £o que correm na Internet (29th April, 2014). Visà £o.  Available in http://visao.sapo.pt/teorias-da-conspiracao-que-correm-na-internet=f778634 [Consulted in 21th May, 2014] [1]Available in SILVA, Sandra (2010). Teorias da Conspiraà §Ãƒ £o: Seduà §Ãƒ £o e Resistà ªncia a partir da Literacia Medià ¡tica. Tese de Mestrado, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto. Available in http://repositorio- aberto.up.pt/bitstream /10216/55681/2/TESEMESSANDRASILVA000126278.pdf [Consulted in 19th May, 2014] [2]Available in DEWSBURY, Rick; HALL, Allan HARDING, Eleanor (18th October, 2011). Did Hitler and Eva Braun flee Berlin and die (divorced) of old age in Argentina?.Daily Mail. Available in http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article- 2050137/Did-Hitler-Eva-Braun-flee-Berlin-die-old-age-Argentina.html[Consulted in 19th May, 2014] [3]AddaptedfromTeorias da conspiraà §Ãƒ £o que correm na Internet (29th April, 2014). Visà £o. Available in http://visao.sapo.pt/teorias-da-conspiracao-que-correm-na-internet=f778634 [Consulted in 21th May, 2014]

Creation vs. Evolution :: essays research papers

Origins Missing Links   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people in the world have claimed to find these missing links between animal and man. These finds are said to support evolution, but in turn all they do is put evolution down. Several examples of missing links are, Piltdown man, Neanderthal man, Australopithecus, and Homo Erectus. All of these missing links have been proven false, and as hoaxes. One point for creation. Shrinking Sun   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scientist today have noticed something about our sun. The sun seems to be shrinking. Based on this information scientists can actually measure how much the sun has shrunk. This means that they can tell how big the sun would have been at any certain time. So take the argument from evolutionists that the earth is billions of years old. When scientists calculate this, the sun would have swallowed the earth. One more point for creation. Moon Dust   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scientists have also found something as a result of our travels to the moon. They have noticed that the moon collects dust from outer space. They have found the rate at which the dust accumulates on the moon. So they now can tell that the moon is relatively young, because if it were billions of years old there would be a lot more dust on the moon than there is right now. Evolutionists have slipped up and said that the earth and moon are about the same age. So this pushes them into a corner once again. Creation three, Evolution zero. Magnetic Field   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scientists have realized that the magnetic poles loose strength every so often. They know the rate in which the magnetic strength decays, so they now can predict what it used to have been at any given point in time. So the said what if the earth was billions of years old, what would the magnetic field look like. Well it would be so strong that we would suck almost everything into us, somewhat like the sun. Once again Creation is greater than Evolution. Mutations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There was a Dutchman named Hugo DeVries who found something interesting one day. He found a flower that had mutated. All of the Evolutionists went crazy over this and thought that this was their big breakthrough as to how life evolved. But scientists refute this claim because they can find no incident where a mutation is good. Every mutation that they have come across has hurt or damaged the organism. They describe a process called natural selection.

Biological approach to health and social care Essay

The biological approach can be used to explain many thing within health and social care, it can also be useful in diagnosing and treating service users, and is effective for practitioners to asses and help their patience within heath care and social care alike. The biological approach can have a positive impact on the service user because tests such as the assessment scale are available so that they can fully understand why there behaviour is the way it is, and also what is normal and abnormal for their age. It is useful for practitioners to know if the influence of genetics has anything to do with a person’s behaviour so that they can give the service user the best possible help and attention. Genetic testing is also useful; it has potential benefits whether the results are positive or negative for a gene mutation. Test results can provide a sense of relief from uncertainty and help people make informed decisions about managing their health care. For example, a negative result can eliminate the need for unnecessary check-ups and screening tests in some cases. A positive result can direct a person toward available prevention, monitoring, and treatment options. Some test results can also help people make decisions about having children. New-born screening can identify genetic disorders early in life so treatment can be started as early as possible. A social care worker could use the assessment scale effectively on children to determine whether or not they have additional needs that need to be dealt with such as a learning disability, however once that child has being diagnosed with this problem the biological approach doesn’t then tell the practitioner how to treat or help that child, this is because every child’s needs are slightly different and there are a wide range of problems that need different treatment for. Also the assessment scale wouldn’t be useful within the health care sector for example caring for an adult with clinical depression, the assessment scale Is very limited and therefore is only useful within a small area of health and social care. However a service user with severe depression would benefit from the biological approach by focusing on genetic testing and medication. Depression is thought to involve both genetic and environmental factors, with genetics playing a larger role in the type of depression that is severe and recurrent, and a study has identified a region of DNA that may include a gene or genes that affect an individual’s vulnerability to severe persistent depression. From this research biological physiologists can make a clear  link between genes and depression and can then advice patience on the best possible method of improving their health. On a wider scale of health and social care hormones and brain activity can be used to explain why people behave in certain ways and how it can affect their everyday lives or others around them for example a patient with a brain damage, the biological approach explains why and how the person may react and how that particular injury effects their behavior. There are many strengths of the biological approach one strength is that this approach is supported by recent accurate research. Our understanding of genetics and the structure of human genes may be used as support, together with all the medical techniques, such as MRI, to show exactly how the brain and its chemicals affect our behaviour. For example, scans can show which part of the brain are active during a particular behaviour, which would help us to develop therapy. Another benefit of the biological perspective is that it has a high success rate in treatment. For example, someone might be given an antidepressant drug and might begin to feel better. Whether its medication or less common biological treatments, like therapy or Biofeedback; modern biological treatments have shown to be successful at treating mental illness, particularly in patients who do not respond well to talk therapy. .Despite this, it ignores the profound effect environment can have on people. For example, what if a patient is depressed because of personal problems such as losing his job, or death in a family. These are situations that can play a role in whether or not a person is feeling depressed., the biological perspective is often seen as limited, since it neglects other possible causes for behaviour, the impact of different cultural upbringings, mental states, and emotional desires. For example, it focuses too much on the ‘nature’ side of the nature/nurture debate. It argues that behavior is caused by hormones and genetics. One theory is that schizophrenia is genetic; however, twin studies show that it is not completely genetic and the environment has a part to play.

How to Easily Plan Copy For an Entire Website the Best Way

How to Easily Plan Copy For an Entire Website the Best Way Besides a stellar design, your web copy is the single most important step you can take to properly market your services. Why? Because your website functions like a billboard, sales rep, portfolio, and product page all in one. And your website is a step that big requires a serious plan. Ready to see how it’s done? We’ll walk you through all the criteria needed to plan your beautiful, smart, well-functioning website copy. How to Easily Plan Copy For an Entire Website the Best WayDownload Your Free Website Content Template As a bonus, when youre ready to write content for each page on your site, use this free template. Step 1: Develop Your Voice Voice is how you say something. It’s the difference between your brother saying, â€Å"Hey, nerd!† and hugging you, and the school bully yelling, â€Å"Hey nerd!† with a baseball bat in his hand from across the courtyard. It’s also one way people will remember you. Look at the â€Å"about us† page from Missguided,  a UK-based clothing company. They go beyond â€Å"casual† right into â€Å"colloquial† and it works well. Why? Because it fits their brand and guidelines. Think about how weird it would be if a dental company used a tone like that. Right? Now that’s why you need to make sure your voice, tone, and brand guidelines all match. Let’s look at some ways to make sure your tone, voice, and guidelines all match. Your tone is made up of your voice, your style, and those writing â€Å"quirks† that make your writing sound like you. It has to do with the pacing of your writing, the way you pull paragraphs together, and the types of words you choose to use. You could spend years and years developing your voice, but for now, we think these tips will help you get started. Your tone is made up of your voice, your style, and those writing â€Å"quirks† that make your...Identify Tone To develop your voice, you first have to identify your tone. Figure out which of these you most identify with: Casual (think about the Share a Coke  video) Traditional (think about how â€Å"Yale University† talks) Quirky (think about how Dollar Shave Club  talks) Outrageous (we’re talking about companies like Squatty Potty) Once you have your tone, you should consult two very important pieces of information: Your brand guidelines Your company values Make sure that your tone matches your brand guidelines and your company values. If you value providing honest services, you probably don’t want to run a website that’s full of jokes, lies, or silly phrases that trick your customers into purchasing products for more than they’re worth. If you value providing fast turnover times, you probably don’t want to use a quirky voice. Your best bet is to make sure your brand guidelines, company values, and tone are all aligned. Then you can get to the fun stuff. Your best bet is to make sure your brand guidelines, company values, and tone are all aligned.Step 2: Identify Your Audience Now that you know how to talk, you have to figure out what to say. You can do this by discovering your audience and doing investigative work to figure out what type of information they like. Recommended Reading: How To Create A Marketing Strategy That Will Skyrocket Your Results By 9,360% Use Social Media and Third-Party Platforms to Uncover the Truth Moz is a platform that most users use to check their on-page SEO scores, find optimal keywords, and the Fresh Web Explorer to find keyword mentions across the World Wide Web. But guess what? There’s another way to use Moz, and that’s for learning more about your audience. Moz’s Link Explorer  is a great way to see who is linking to your site and where most of your links come from. To access your linking domains, log in at www.moz.com Find â€Å"Moz Pro† from the main nav Under â€Å"Research Tools† click on â€Å"Link Explorer† From there, click on â€Å"Linking Domains† Once you’re there, click on â€Å"root domains† Type in your website Discover all the websites that are linking to your domain. Where are most of your linking domains coming from? Social platforms – if most of your linking domains are social platforms, use that information to uncover the platforms people use, the way people talk to each other on those platforms, and the type of information usually shared. If, for example, your biggest linking domain is YouTube and most of your viewers comment and share videos, you can assume most of your audience members will benefit from more video content. Use that information to move to the next steps. Article websites – if most of your linking domains are from long-form articles, you might be able to infer that your audience loves detailed information. Use that to develop a plan later on. *Google – if most of your linking domains are from Google, you can assume that your audience is finding you organically. You may want to focus your efforts on your SEO skills. Google Analytics  is a platform that will give you a detailed look into your audience and what they do. To get started, go to https://analytics.google.com/  and log in. Under â€Å"Reports,† click on â€Å"Audience† Click on â€Å"Demographics† to learn about your audience’s demographics With Google Analytics, you can learn about your audience’s language, country, city, browser, service provider, screen resolutions, and, of course, you can explore your bounce rate, page sessions, and pageviews. But you can also dig deeper and look at things like Lifetime Value, Cohort Analysis, Audience Behavior and Audience Interest. But what we think you should always do is come up with a general chart of your audience based on their demographics and interests. This will help you start to see how you can connect with them in a way that they will respond best to.

Free Essays on Can You Deny Your Child Medical Care For Religious Reasons

Religion is a part of many Americans lives. It is a part of many people across the world’s lives, but it is a bigger part of some people’s lives then others. Religion is something that people believe in. It is a set of rules that they chose to live by because they believe that God gave them these rules. Some people’s religions guide there lives more so then others. Certain religions put restrictions on its followers, and those restrictions can include types of medical treatments they can and can’t receive. The question to be discussed in this paper is whether or not parents that are followers of these religions have the right to deny treatment to their children as well. Some say that religious freedom is what this country was founded on, and that by telling people that they can’t chose to not give their children medical attention, is taking away there right to that freedom. Others say that children don’t chose to be a part of these religions and that they aren’t making this decision consciously, or on their own accord, so they are in need of representation of their rights from authorities. There are two well known religions that avoid conventional medical treatment the Jehovah Witnesses and the Christian Scientists, there are many other smaller sects that carry similar beliefs and they are as follows: The Body â€Å"The Body of Christ†, Bible Readers Fellowship, Church of the First Born, End Time Ministries, Faith Assembly, Full Gospel Deliverance Church, Faith Tabernacle Congregation, Christ Church, Grace Baptist Church, and Home in Zion Ministries, there are probably others but these are the ones currently recognized according to Robinson (2002). The one thing that all these religions have in common is that somewhere in their translation of the bible they believe that God has told them not to allow for any other form of medical treatment other than prayer, and occasionally the use of oils or everyday household products... Free Essays on Can You Deny Your Child Medical Care For Religious Reasons Free Essays on Can You Deny Your Child Medical Care For Religious Reasons Religion is a part of many Americans lives. It is a part of many people across the world’s lives, but it is a bigger part of some people’s lives then others. Religion is something that people believe in. It is a set of rules that they chose to live by because they believe that God gave them these rules. Some people’s religions guide there lives more so then others. Certain religions put restrictions on its followers, and those restrictions can include types of medical treatments they can and can’t receive. The question to be discussed in this paper is whether or not parents that are followers of these religions have the right to deny treatment to their children as well. Some say that religious freedom is what this country was founded on, and that by telling people that they can’t chose to not give their children medical attention, is taking away there right to that freedom. Others say that children don’t chose to be a part of these religions and that they aren’t making this decision consciously, or on their own accord, so they are in need of representation of their rights from authorities. There are two well known religions that avoid conventional medical treatment the Jehovah Witnesses and the Christian Scientists, there are many other smaller sects that carry similar beliefs and they are as follows: The Body â€Å"The Body of Christ†, Bible Readers Fellowship, Church of the First Born, End Time Ministries, Faith Assembly, Full Gospel Deliverance Church, Faith Tabernacle Congregation, Christ Church, Grace Baptist Church, and Home in Zion Ministries, there are probably others but these are the ones currently recognized according to Robinson (2002). The one thing that all these religions have in common is that somewhere in their translation of the bible they believe that God has told them not to allow for any other form of medical treatment other than prayer, and occasionally the use of oils or everyday household products...

The short stories of Katherine Mansfield Essay Example

The short stories of Katherine Mansfield Essay Example The short stories of Katherine Mansfield Paper The short stories of Katherine Mansfield Paper Essay Topic: Literature The short stories of Katherine Mansfield can largely be divided into two distinct categories. The first of which deals mostly in satirising and somewhat flippantly portraying the affluent middle class society of early twentieth-century England. Such short stories are often seen by critics as failing to contend with any serious or significant social issues, and are rather a mocking imitation of bourgeois life. The latter group of Mansfields short stories can be said to depict a somewhat deeper and more understanding sense of life, in which Mansfield explores a plethora of emotional and psychological concerns through her characters. It is in these stories where the joys and terrors of sexuality and mortality can be found through Mansfields exploration of an ordinary mind on an ordinary day. Perhaps the story that most clearly delves into the issue of sexuality is Mansfields most provocative and controversial short story Bliss. Upon its publication, Bliss was subject to much criticism; Virginia Woolf claimed that it was uninteresting, while T.S. Eliot asserted that it was without moral and social ramification. Though it is clear to see why such a radical story might not have been appreciated in its time, Bliss is far more than the predictable love-triangle tale is appears to be from the surface. The underlying theme of the story is a tentative insight into the nature of female sexuality. The scene in which Bertha and Pearl stand next to one another admiring the tree in the garden is clearly symbolic in terms of sexuality and undoubtedly tests the boundaries of female homoeroticism. And the two women stood side by side looking at the slender, flowering tree. Although it was so still it seemed, like the flame of a candle, to stretch up, to point, to quiver in the bright air, to grow taller and taller as they gazed almost to touch the rim of the round, silver moon. The pear tree in the story comes to symbolise Berthas character, she sees aspects of herself in it. The fact that she dresses in white, green and jade for the dinner party (the same colours as the tree) is no coincidence, and is a suggestion of her subconscious comparison between herself and the tree. In a similar way, Pearl is likened throughout to the Moon through Mansfields imagery. Pearl is dressed all in silver, the same colour the Moon is described as, her fingers like moonbeams, are so slender that a pale light seemed to come from them. Her cool arm, heavy eyelids and mysterious half smile all seem to imply a similarity between Pearl and the Moon. Furthermore, Pearls name itself can be seen as an example of imagery, as a pearl can be likened to the Moon in terms of its shape and colour. With this in mind, the scene symbolises the sexual tension between Bertha and Pearl, and Bertha subconscious homoerotic desire for Pearl. The two characters gaze outwards through the window in consideration of their two respective symbols. The juxtaposition of the tree and the Moon, and the fact that the tree is stretching upwards in an attempt to reach (and presumably penetrate) the round Moon, can be seen as Berthas desire for Pearl. The fluctuating experience continues immediately after this scene, as Bertha suddenly moves away from Bertha, and begins to fix her sights upon her husband once again. As those last words something strange and almost terrifying darted into Berthas mind. And this something blind and smiling whispered to her: Soon these people will go. The house will be quiet quiet. The lights will be out and you will be alone together in the dark room the warm bed We are told at this point that for the first time in her life Bertha Young desired her husband, yet it seems odd that this sudden shift back towards her husband should come straight after her moment with Pearl Fulton. Her emotions and strong feeling of lust for her husband are triggered by her subconscious desire for Pearl. Through this radical example, Mansfield explores the free flowing sexuality of women in early 20th century England, and delves into the concept of lesbianism something almost unheard of at the time of writing. In terms of Mansfields juxtaposition of the ordinary with the sexual, throughout Bliss, Berthas descriptions of the most mundane and routine things have sexual undertones. She takes note of Pearl rolling a tangerine between her fingers, and describes how Harry loves the white flesh of a lobster. Food and the concept of eating seem to evoke a deep sense of lust in Bertha and as such contribute to the fluctuating experience of an ordinary mind. The twist at the end of the story is somewhat ironic. Whilst Bertha has imagined throughout, the possibility of engaging in sexual relations with both Harry and Pearl, she later finds out that the pair are already lovers. By reaching this conclusion, Mansfield does not grant Bertha her bliss (repressed sexual desire), she has become a third wheel and an outsider in the relationship. Mansfields outlook on death and mortality can also be clearly seen within her work. One story that clearly deals with the question of mortality is At the Bay, and like Bliss this tale has been praised for its seemingly simplistic storyline combined with a deep and significant underlying meaning. Through symbols and motifs, Mansfield raises questions about the nature of our existence. The key recurring motif, which runs throughout, is that of the sun. The imagery Mansfield chooses to use through the story creates a deep sense of interconnection the feeling that everything around us is relevant and purposeful. The story, though seeming to be concerned mainly with family relationships and the tension that inevitably comes with them, also takes into account the anxiety of death, which was a huge concern at the time. The sun in the story is seen as a powerful and fiery force, marking time and creating routine. Its inescapable and monotonous schedule not only creates unity amongst all humans, but also limits all actions. The link created between time and the sun is significant in highlighting Mansfields concern with the shortness as well as the limitations of life. Even the characters within the story seem to recognize the influence and potentially damaging nature of the sun. Stanleys daily routine mirrors the sun he wakes as the sun rises, and returns home when it sets. Meanwhile, other characters such as Mrs Fairfield seek to avoid the sun through the course of the story and Uncle William is referred to, as we hear that he went to the mines, andgot a sunstroke there and died. There is an undertone of death, and anxiousness about morality that run throughout, and these can be strongly linked to the presence of the sun. In conclusion, it is clear to see the way Mansfield creates a fluctuating experience of an ordinary mind, and hints strongly at the joys and terrors of both sexuality and mortality. In Bliss we are allowed to see a fairly biased insight into the life of a woman with free flowing sexual desires which transcend the bounds of heterosexuality. Mansfields clever imagery and juxtaposition of the ordinary with the strong sexual desires of Bertha clearly create the impression of an ordinary woman trying to break free from normal social constraints and express her repressed sexual desire. Bertha is not only curious and excited about her subconscious thoughts, but at the same time terrified about the implications and consequences they may have. The idea of ordinary minds and ordinary lives continues in At the Bay, where Mansfield cleverly creates a story which seems to be concerned with family ties and tensions, yet beneath the surface delves into a whole host of issues regarding mortality and death. The sun is highly significant in At the Bay, the characters in the story live by it and at the same time fear it. It controls their lives and has the potential to bring death. It is through the sun that Mansfield highlights the anxieties of death and mortality.

Economic Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economic Theories - Essay Example His theories helped to establish the foundation to capitalism. Adam Smith postulated that markets were capable of regulating themselves without any external intervention. He introduced a new approach of measuring national wealth using income as opposed to the king’s treasury (Derek, & Steven, 2003). According to him, income was a product of land, labor and capital, and that the income is divided among capitalists, laborers and landlords, in form of interest, rent and wages. Smith’s theory had some limitations, despite helping to revolutionize the economic thought at the time. David Ricardo identified the weaknesses of Smith’s theory and opted to rectify them and incorporate them in his own theory. Among the things he agreed with Smith’s theory include the use of income to measure a country’s wealth. He also agreed with Smith’s view of free markets. He however built his economic thoughts on the three main factors of production; land, capital a nd labor, that had been identified by Smith (Derek, & Steven, 2003). Ricardo introduced other new ideas in his theory to build on Smith’s ideas. He for instance introduced the idea of international trade as the best way to help the local markets. He introduced the concept of comparative advantage in international trade. Comparative advantage suggests that countries only produce those products that they have a higher comparative advantage and import those which they cannot produce efficiently. b). Marx’s opposition to Capitalism Karl Marx was one of the most vocal thinkers to be opposed to Capitalism. He saw capitalism as just any other historical stage that would eventually end and be replaced by Socialism. According to Karl Marx, capitalism introduced classism in the society. The society was made up of the capitalists who were the land owners and owners of factories and the working class, whom provided labor in the lands and factories owned by the capitalists. He iden tified that these two main classes had differing interests that were the source of conflicts in the society. The capitalists’ main objective is to get profit and increase their wealth through minimizing their costs, including offering low wages to their workers (Derek, & Steven, 2003). The working class on the other hand strives to maximize their wages. These two compete g interests will lead to conflicts in the society that would eventually lead to a decline in the capitalist system and create ground for socialism. Marx was opposed to the capitalist system because of the instability it would create in the society where the working class would be left dependant on the capitalists who owned massive resources. According to Marx, leaving wealth to a few private individuals would create imbalance in the society and preferred socialism which would take the wealth from individuals and eradicate classes and ensure equality of all people in the community. The labor theory of valu

Choose one of the questions Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Choose one of the questions - Personal Statement Example The action reaction phenomenon in physics is also particularly true for decisions on  reasonable  action.  It is an expectation by people that each and every  activity  they partake in is beneficial to them.  The fact that a lot of people are  willingly  participating in this class exercise, therefore, directly correlates to the fact that they must be obtaining mutual  benefit  from this action. This may be in terms of  material  benefit,  benefit  in  knowledge  or even in terms of  emotional  benefit. This factor, combined with the fact that we are  selfless  in nature, provides an excellent  ground  that is strong enough to  inspire  benefit  expectations from participation in the class exercise (Skinner 71). It proved that one only stands to benefit from participation or anything else they  partake  if they are to  perceive  them so. The agreement to  give  the  class  a chance with no  promise  of benefiting in itself shows the  optimism  in the exercise.  Any person that is willing to  see  the  best  of a situation will  keep  an open mind, and  survey  all the prospects so that they are  sure  to  find  positive benefits of their choices.  Attending this  class  with the  notion  that I will  benefit  one way or the other gives me an  edge  over others on benefiting. My mind would be  set  on finding maximum possible benefits from the exercise, and as a result, would be  keen  to  locate  them. This  way  of having an open mind would ensure I  benefit  maximally from what the  exercise  has to offer (Skinner 79). Again, it would ensure that I  am not disappointed  by over expecting or exp ecting benefits from the exercise. It is true that the things that other people do  have  effect  on what others do, and vice versa. This is a  natural  trait in humans and  mostly  bases on the fact that we are all  selfless  and  jealous  beings  inside  (Skinner

Importance of Oral Health in a Child Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Importance of Oral Health in a Child - Essay Example Although the accidental cause due to injury or abrasion could not be controlled, tooth decay could be prohibited and avoided. The care for primary teeth has not given emphasis because of the fact that primary teeth are just temporary and will be replaced later by permanent teeth. For this reason, tooth decay among children is not new. Bacterial respiration or acids from the diet could cause tooth decay in children. The oral hygiene and care, and diet of the child could highly influence the rate and occurrence of tooth decay. Mahoney and Kilpatrick stated that oral medications such as mouthwash and toothpaste affect the rate of tooth decay. The high acidity and the presence of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), which is known as dematerializing agent, in mouthwash makes the mouthwash a possible cause of tooth wear. Their study also showed that the low pH of medicine such as asthma medicine of children increased tooth wear. Furthermore, they mentioned that the abrasion caused by brushing of teeth followed by intake of relatively acidic beverages showed an increase rate of tooth decay. According to Marsh all et al., there are high occurrences of tooth caries to children who have frequent consumption of soda pops as compared to milk and 100% pure fruit juice.

Personal Competency Assessment for Risk Management Specialist Statement

Competency Assessment for Risk Management Specialist - Personal Statement Example Production of presentations and reports that give details of research findings, explanations of risk position or changes recommended are significant areas of knowledge that improve my effectiveness and performance. Additionally, extensive knowledge of research facilitates me to conduct statistical analysis aimed at quantifying risks by use of statistical models or software. Knowledge of risk management has impacted me with skills and abilities to identify and analyze areas of potential risk to the assets, earning capacity, or success of organizations. Subsequently, the knowledge has been instrumental in developing/implementing risk assessment methodologies/models. It has facilitated me in the development of contingency plans to handle emergencies. Additionally, a wide base of knowledge has increased my efficiency in developing a scenario analysis that determines the impact on risk exposure. Moreover, I have familiarized myself with documentation and communication aspect of risk management. Through documentation, I have gained efficiency in storing an important document in an orderly and easily retrievable manner. On the other hand, proper communication skills knowledge has made me indispensable while dealing with clients. For example, I am able to interact with clients and obtain key information in regard to risks. Furthermore, I am able to communicate risks to clients through oral, reports or presentation to the client and the managers. Additionally, I have the ability to deal with client queries and solve their problems satisfactorily. Definition: Skills: Active listening  Ã¢â‚¬â€ Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.

Effects of Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Effects of Media - Essay Example Thus, media is, for better or for worse, charged with nearly sole responsibility for forming people’s ideas of themselves, their relationships with others, and their views of society at large. The other side of the debate claims that mass media has no such effect, at least not in any way that can be conclusively proven. Scientists on each side of the debate claim that the opposing side has flaws in one aspect or another of their research. Such flaws include errors in methodology, misinterpretation of data, clear biases in research, and lack of comprehensive understanding of the media being studied (Gauntlett, 1998). The argument that contends mass media produces profoundly negative effects on those who absorb it is an aggressive one. This often comes across as foolhardy given the lack of empirical data to support the argument itself. Some individuals choose to malign media, television in particular, as being at worst an intentional design to instigate violence in viewers or at best a reckless lack of care regarding the incompetent nature of most viewers. The â€Å"at best† aspect of the argument particularly targets children. At this point, the argument against mass media implies the belief that children are incapable of intelligently and objectively viewing various forms of media, and are given to acting something out that they have seen. This is, of course, a veritable â€Å"Monkey see; Monkey do† interpretation of children’s abilities. In Gauntlett’s words, with regards to psychology and psychology studies, â€Å"children are often considered not so much in terms of what they can do, as what they (apparently) cannot† (1998). Such views are not necessarily appropriate, much less accurate. Chief amongst the complaints of researchers who have yet to accept any effects of mass media is, as was published in the Guardian, â€Å"as far as I can see there has been no

Assessing Risk perception and Insurane Knowledge in Accra, Ghana Literature review

Assessing Risk perception and Insurane Knowledge in Accra, Ghana - Literature review Example Conventional policies have been used even though they are not necessary because the crisis in the Ghanaian insurance industry is not as acute as in some African countries. This has made a majority of the people in this city to participate in large scale asset purchasing and other business ventures with the aim of achieving stabilization in their lives and creation of employment (Buatsi, 2002). It has encouraged these individuals to turn towards the acquisition of insurance policies because of the risks involved in the diverse number of businesses that they are involved in despite the fact that the government policies that have been employed have created significant amounts of uncertainty with regards to their effectiveness hence proving the fact that its policies are not farsighted (Chalfin, 2008). One important channel that has come to affect the insurance policies is the currency value and much evidence shows that the depreciation of the currency value over the history of the count ry has tended to discourage individuals from subscribing for different insurance policies. The insurance policies in Ghana have been made in a manner that is relatively predictable and in asystematic way, the methods of advertising to the public by insurance companies has provided the latter with the necessary knowledge to know what type of policies to select for themselves. The key factors in these policies were aimed at being short term interest rates, and exchange rates together with monetary aggregates that could undergo adjustments in a free manner. One reason why many individuals choose to take insurance policies in this city is not necessarily to secure themselves against any potential losses but as a form of investment where they tend to put their spare money into what they consider to be worthwhile investments (Anim-Odame, 2012). Market expectations may also be considered to be a reason why individuals choose to purchase insurance policies because they believe that if anyth ing happens to the property which they have insured, then they will be able to recover it in a short time span from the insurance company. When normal rigidities in the insurance sector occur, changes in normal returns have an effect on the number of people who are interested in insuring themselves and this has over time been reflected in the economic decisions that were real which included investments and consumptions, as individuals opt to undertake lesser risks rather than purchase insurance policies. This has been observed to have an effect on the insurance sector as insurance companies compete to ensure that they attract a larger clientele than their rivals through the offering of insurance packages which are likely to encourage unlikely insurance policy purchasers to do so. While this has been the case in Accra, one of the biggest effects in the market was the global financial crisis which in the past few years has come to challenge the insurance industry of Ghana in three dif ferent ways. These have come to include financial disruptions that are wide spread, broke arbitrage conditions which hinders policy transmission on the yield curve; there is the presence of heightened vulnerability that leads to freezing of the markets, this is because there is the presence of self-fulfilling equillibria that is badly coordinated, and lastly there is severe recession that pushes the

Personal Competency Assessment for Risk Management Specialist Statement

Competency Assessment for Risk Management Specialist - Personal Statement Example Production of presentations and reports that give details of research findings, explanations of risk position or changes recommended are significant areas of knowledge that improve my effectiveness and performance. Additionally, extensive knowledge of research facilitates me to conduct statistical analysis aimed at quantifying risks by use of statistical models or software. Knowledge of risk management has impacted me with skills and abilities to identify and analyze areas of potential risk to the assets, earning capacity, or success of organizations. Subsequently, the knowledge has been instrumental in developing/implementing risk assessment methodologies/models. It has facilitated me in the development of contingency plans to handle emergencies. Additionally, a wide base of knowledge has increased my efficiency in developing a scenario analysis that determines the impact on risk exposure. Moreover, I have familiarized myself with documentation and communication aspect of risk management. Through documentation, I have gained efficiency in storing an important document in an orderly and easily retrievable manner. On the other hand, proper communication skills knowledge has made me indispensable while dealing with clients. For example, I am able to interact with clients and obtain key information in regard to risks. Furthermore, I am able to communicate risks to clients through oral, reports or presentation to the client and the managers. Additionally, I have the ability to deal with client queries and solve their problems satisfactorily. Definition: Skills: Active listening  Ã¢â‚¬â€ Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.

Assessing Risk perception and Insurane Knowledge in Accra, Ghana Literature review

Assessing Risk perception and Insurane Knowledge in Accra, Ghana - Literature review Example Conventional policies have been used even though they are not necessary because the crisis in the Ghanaian insurance industry is not as acute as in some African countries. This has made a majority of the people in this city to participate in large scale asset purchasing and other business ventures with the aim of achieving stabilization in their lives and creation of employment (Buatsi, 2002). It has encouraged these individuals to turn towards the acquisition of insurance policies because of the risks involved in the diverse number of businesses that they are involved in despite the fact that the government policies that have been employed have created significant amounts of uncertainty with regards to their effectiveness hence proving the fact that its policies are not farsighted (Chalfin, 2008). One important channel that has come to affect the insurance policies is the currency value and much evidence shows that the depreciation of the currency value over the history of the count ry has tended to discourage individuals from subscribing for different insurance policies. The insurance policies in Ghana have been made in a manner that is relatively predictable and in asystematic way, the methods of advertising to the public by insurance companies has provided the latter with the necessary knowledge to know what type of policies to select for themselves. The key factors in these policies were aimed at being short term interest rates, and exchange rates together with monetary aggregates that could undergo adjustments in a free manner. One reason why many individuals choose to take insurance policies in this city is not necessarily to secure themselves against any potential losses but as a form of investment where they tend to put their spare money into what they consider to be worthwhile investments (Anim-Odame, 2012). Market expectations may also be considered to be a reason why individuals choose to purchase insurance policies because they believe that if anyth ing happens to the property which they have insured, then they will be able to recover it in a short time span from the insurance company. When normal rigidities in the insurance sector occur, changes in normal returns have an effect on the number of people who are interested in insuring themselves and this has over time been reflected in the economic decisions that were real which included investments and consumptions, as individuals opt to undertake lesser risks rather than purchase insurance policies. This has been observed to have an effect on the insurance sector as insurance companies compete to ensure that they attract a larger clientele than their rivals through the offering of insurance packages which are likely to encourage unlikely insurance policy purchasers to do so. While this has been the case in Accra, one of the biggest effects in the market was the global financial crisis which in the past few years has come to challenge the insurance industry of Ghana in three dif ferent ways. These have come to include financial disruptions that are wide spread, broke arbitrage conditions which hinders policy transmission on the yield curve; there is the presence of heightened vulnerability that leads to freezing of the markets, this is because there is the presence of self-fulfilling equillibria that is badly coordinated, and lastly there is severe recession that pushes the

Japanese Medical Beliefs Essay Example for Free

Japanese Medical Beliefs Essay Japanese Medical Beliefs Medicine is all around us. It comes in all forms and all types of beliefs. Each person has their own beliefs on what medicine can do to or for the body. No matter what country one visits, there will be a medical office to assist, however their views may vary that what one may be use to. In Japan, things are no different; however, Japan has some beliefs that contrast other countries. The Japanese has received influence from other countries, such as the Chinese, but they have turned everything into their own. They have their own superstitions, traditional medicine (including how they view modern medical needs), and different types of current trends that they follow. Every country has its own superstitions. Certain things that are not allowed to happen on certain days or even certain things must be kept away because of its meanings. In 1998, an experiment was done to see if the Japanese was using the Taian-Butsumetsu superstition when discharging patients. The basis of the study was â€Å"To determine the influence of superstition about Taian (a lucky day)-Butsumetsu (an unlucky day) on decision to leave hospital. To estimate the costs of the effect of this superstition† (Hira, Fukui, Endoh, Rahman, Maekawa, 1998). They took figures from patients discharged from Kyoto University Hospital from the beginning of April 1992 to the end of March of 1995, 3 years worth of patients. In the Japanese world, the Taian-Butsumetsu belief is related to the six day lunar calendar and affects the Japanese culture in a variety of ways since the Taian is suppose to be a lucky day where as the Butsumetsu is supposed to mean unlucky. Due to this superstition, some patients have asked to extend their stay so that they can be released on the following Taian day, which means more costs to the hospitals. To get the most accurate data, they used hospital records and calculated the amount of days that patients were released on each day of the six lunar cycle, and then estimated the costs that the extension brought on to the hospital. They also took into consideration the patients age and gender. The results showed that â€Å"Of the 23677 patients discharged from the Kyoto University Hospital during the study period, 12613 (53. %) were female and 11064 (46. 7%) were male. The mean number of discharged patients was 21. 6 a day with the mean age 42. 3 years and the mean hospital stay 37. 1 days. The mean number, age, and hospital stay of discharged patients were highest on Taian and lowest on Butsumetsu. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant difference among the days of this cycle regarding the mean number, age, and hospital stay of discharged patients† (Hira, Fukui, Endoh, Rahman, Maekawa, 1998). Reports also showed that 3. 3% of the discharged patients adjusted their discharge date due to their belief in Taian. It goes on to state the estimation that the mean of a typical hospital charge was 12 600 yen a day. The extra charges the patients caused the hospital to incur in order to stay to the next Taian, amount to 7. 4 million yen a year all due to a superstition. If the patients would have shorted their stay to a prior Taian, there could have been a savings of roughly 12. 1 million yen. Another superstition for the Japanese is blood type. According to superstitions, your blood type can tell your temperament and personality. A man named Furukawa Takeji suggested a link between the two after working in a high school and observing the temperamental differences between applicants. His theory suggests that type A were generally mild tempered and intellectual, while blood types B were opposite (Thatcher). This superstition has influenced the Japanese so much that some companies have actually grouped their workforce together depending on their blood type. In the 1920’s and 30’s blood type grew more intriguing. Scientists in the west found that type B was common in Asia, but rare in Caucasians. As type B was typical in animals, they argued that Asians were inferior, lower on the evolutionary scale. Japan does have some forms of traditional medicine. They are required to have independent licensees for Kampo, acupuncture, moxibustion, and anma-massage-shiatsu. Kampo is only able to be performed by physicians with western medical doctor’s license. Acupuncture and moxibustion can be given by a person graduated from senior high school and later completed a 3 year education at one of the educational facilities specified. Acupuncture, moxibustion and anma are classified within the framework of the Japanese medical care system (Katai). Of these, Kampo seems to be the most widely used in Japan. Kampo medicine is widely practiced and is fully included into their modern healthcare system. The word Kampo means Han Method, which refers to China’s herbal system which developed in the Han dynasty. It was used in ancient China but is believed that Kampo came to Japan from Korea in the 5th or 6th century. In 1976, it was added to Japans national health insurance plan. Although it relies on herb formulas, it uses acupuncture, moxibustion and a few other components. 70 percent of physicians in Japan regularly prescribe it to their patients (Tanaka, 2010). It has been used by gynecologists, urologists, cardiologists and even gastrointestinal specialists. In order to determine the right formula for each patient, they require a sho. This is a diagnosis based on patient’s symptoms and patterns of disease. In 2007 Japan’s Society of Oriental Medicine issued an evidence report which shows all the findings of the research published from 1999-2005. 8 papers were deemed qualified. Some double blind showings were, â€Å"Hypertension related symptoms (flashed faces, etc. ): The administration of Ourengedokuto (Huang Lian Jie Du Tang) decreased hypertension related symptoms (Muli-center study of 116 facilities) Upper Gastric Symptoms: Rikkunshito (Liu Jun Zi Tang) was effective in decreasing upper GI discomfort and related complaints, such as a l ack of appetite. Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Administration of Keishikashakuyakuto (Gui Zhi Jia Shao Yao Tang) decreased abdominal pain among IBS patients. The effects were more pronounced among diarrhoea-dominant IBS cases. Muscle Cramping: Shakuyakukanzouto (Shao Yao Gan Cao Tang) was effective for reducing muscle cramping among cirrhosis patients. Obesity: 24 weeks of administering Bofutsuseisan (Fang Feng Tong Sheng San) decreased visceral fats and waist circle, as well as improved insulin resistance among obese female patients. Allergic Rhinitis: Shouseiryuto (Xiao Qing Long Tang) was effective in improving symptoms of allergic rhinitis† (Tanka, 2010). Another form of traditional medicine is Acupuncture and Shiatsu massage. Acupuncture is where extremely thin needles are gently placed in certain areas of your body. It can be uses to help balance the flow of energy through pathways in the body or can be used to stimulate nerves, muscles and tissue. It can be a more natural way of making the body feel better, without medication. Shiatsu is a massage that is used to relax people. The massage therapist uses hand, thumbs, elbows and knees to help dig into the more â€Å"knotted† areas of the body. It is an acupressure therapy. By using these additional parts of the body, they can use their whole body to endure more pressure onto the person in order to offset tension. The difference between acupuncture and acupressure is that acupuncture uses needles, where as acupressure uses body part to dig into the tissue. Some people do not truly understand the alternative ways. â€Å"The biggest misconception about alternative medicine is that its just a different procedurethat one can just replace it with conventional medicine, like taking an herb instead of a pill. †(Gray 2009). The Japanese also has strong views on medical beliefs. Things such as organ transplants are strongly discouraged due to Japans belief. In 1987, the Medical Association declared brain death to be equivalent to the death of a human being (Masahiro, 1995). Some Japanese doctors practice â€Å"closed-door medicine†, which is where the doctor fails to properly inform patients about their condition or straight out lies to them about it. A study in 1992 showed that only 20% of terminal cancer patients knew they had cancer because of the doctor’s decision to inform them on the truth. This shows that 80% of patients were lied to or told nothing. Masahiro, 1995) Due to this, Through the brain death controversy quite a few people expressed great fear that in the process of the determination of brain death and transplantation no information might be given to family members, and in the worst case that the doctors might lie to family members. Some pointed out the possibility that doctors might psychologically threaten the family members if they refuse to agree to organ donations from a brain-dead relative. As time passed, it appeared that Japan accepted modern technology in almost every form except human birth and death. Research has shown that they believed a dead person goes to the next world as a soul. If parts of that body were to be donated, then body as a whole would not be together, thus making the soul unhappy in the next world. The Japanese has however become more willing to use terms such as â€Å"informed consent† or â€Å"patients rights†. It appears as if Japans beliefs will simply be based off of their own cultural beliefs, as oppose to something such as the Euro-American beliefs. Due to the fast paced living in Japan, they have begun trends to help ease the stressed out society and bring forth relaxation. They have opened oxygen bars, nap salons and animal therapy. In oxygen bars, you can have personal flavored oxygen cans that can help bring you energy and provide fresh air. You can also purchase them at salons and beauty halls. The canisters, such as Big Ox’s helpfully informs that oxygen is an essential gas for human beings and claims that its 89 per cent oxygen blend (normal air contains about 21 per cent) can help boost energy, particularly during exercise (Feelgood, 2008). In recent years, major cities in Japan have opened nap salons. A particular salon in Tokyo, Napia has over 1,500 members. Fatigued office workers can take a brief lunchtime nap on a daybed there for roughly equivalent of $4. 50 (US). Sleep studies have shown that their naps should not go beyond 30 minutes because it is then more likely for them to fall into a deep sleep and end up waking up feeling extremely groggy. To help ensure that customers do not sleep beyond 30 minutes, they provide customers with coffee right before their nap. Since it generally take 20 minutes for the caffeine to kick in, they can get a quick nap in, then the caffeine will kick in and allow the person to have a more natural wake up (Faiola, 2006). Some Japanese companies have even gotten their health insurance providers to cover the fees for nap salons. If they have not succeeded in that route, they simply take naps at their desk during lunchtime. This way they are not only getting their nap in but the office lights are being turned off which is saving energy. In Japan, bathing in mineral waters is popular as a health-promotion practice. (Miller, 2007) Onsen, which is a hot spring, is in their belief to be opposite of everything in their normal crazy lifestyle. It represents an opportunity for the Japanese to melt down the hierarchical nature of society through mutual nakedness and intimacy (Onsen, 2006-7). It is pretty much a public bath with natural hot spring water for them to use in order to relax from their hectic work schedules. It is their belief that the water holds healing powers. There are a few different types of hot springs: Simple Springs, Carbonate Springs, Salt Springs, Sodium Sulfate Springs, Iron Springs, Acidic Springs, Sulfur Springs and Radium Hot Springs. Most people sit back quietly and enjoy the silence that surrounds them while bathing for roughly 20-30 minutes. The extremely acid hot spring Onsen water is believed to ease neuralgia, alleviate muscle pain and the symptoms of chronic skin disease. It also relieves chronic fatigue and stress. Since ancient times, Onsen water has been renowned to help maintain a beautiful skin. In addition to its other health and beauty benefits, the hot springs energize the metabolism. The Onsen experience is also known to calm nerves and put the bather in a relaxed, meditative state† (Onsen, 2006-7) Unfortunately today there are only three hot spring resorts remaining. One is Kusatsu Thermal Spring which is in a small town roughly two and a half hours from Tokyo by train. It can either be visited for the day, or turned into a mini vacation. If only wanting to spend a day, you can visit one of 18 public hot springs in the town for a quick fix. Another location is Gero Thermal Spring. It is roughly three and a half hours from Tokyo by train to Nagoya, then about an hour and a half to Gifu, where Gero is located. Here, you can stay at one of the resorts or visit the public springs which allows you to test out three of the twenty. The final is Arima Onsen Thermal Spring. This final spring is roughly three hours from Tokyo then another 30 minutes to Kobe, where Arima is located. This spa is the oldest spa known to the country. Here, there is a public theme park which holds 17 hot springs. Another trend is fish pedicures. At some Onsen Springs, there are spas where you can dip you feet into the water and have these fish eat the dead skin off your feet. Although they are considered â€Å"flesh eating† they actually have no teeth, meaning that you will not get bitten. They basically suck the dead skin and cells off, leaving your skin silky smooth. No matter what country you look at, each will have its own beliefs on medicine. Some are traditional and some may by alternative. Japan is widely known for having a mixture of each. While receiving influence from other countries, Japan has incorporated other medical approaches into their own. They have their own superstitions, traditional medicine (including how they view modern medical needs), and different types of current trends that they follow.

Renewable Energy Policy Of The Philippines Environmental Sciences Essay

Renewable Energy Policy Of The Philippines Environmental Sciences Essay This article provides background for the current petroleum reserves scarcity problem, importance of sustainable energies, as well as the advantages and shortcomings of renewable energies development. In addition, it covers the review of renewable energy policies of four different countries, namely Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam. The article also summarizes results of this study by comparing approaches taken by the governments of the abovementioned nations to solve the energy scarcity issue. Although these four developing countries take different approaches in addressing the problem, they share a common ultimate objective by reducing dependence on fossil fuel and the amount of hazardous gases, including greenhouse gases and toxic gases, discharged into the atmosphere. While certain renewable energies such as biomass energy and wind power have a tendency to generate negligible amounts of carbon dioxide, others, however, are environmental friendly. Thus, the renewable ener gies developed by these countries are fairly promising and will bring significant benefits to the countries if managed wisely. Lastly, this article also attempts to draw a conclusion on the study of the four policies based on key aspects such as natural resources available and the countries vision and propose some recommendations for further development. Keywords: Renewable energy, Sustainable, Environment 1. Introduction Energy drives nearly all parts of modern life such as the transportation sector and electricity generation. Most primary energies are derived from petroleum [1]. Overreliance on petroleum has become a serious global issue in the 21st century. According to the US Department of Energy (US DOE) report, petroleum reserves are diminishing at a faster rate than the discovery speed. Based on current oil reserves, the current consumption rate and projected consumption rate are 1354 billion barrels, 86.1 million barrels per day (in year 2007) and 92.1 million barrels per day (in year 2020) respectively [2]. Current petroleum reserves are expected to be depleted within the next four decades. The situation is worsening with the rapid growth of motorization, transportation and industrialization activities. This has led to a steep rise in crude oil prices due to high demand for fossil fuel [3]. Prior to 2000, the crude oil price in NYMEX was generally under USD20/barrel. With a higher demand than supply, the price rose to USD60/barrel in 2005 and subsequently shot up to USD100/barrel in 2011 [4]. To maintain the standard of living, searching for alternative energy resources to replace the current primary fuel source is inevitable. Furthermore, the use of alternative energy does not only solve the depletion of petroleum problem, but also generates significant environmental [5-7], economic and social benefits if managed with due regard to sustainability constraints [8]. In addition, efforts on efficiency improvement in energy production and use should not be neglected [9]. In fact, this effort should receive early attention as these objectives are easier to attain , require less investment during the commissioning stage than at the optimization stage and are environmentally friendly in meeting the needs of every developing country [10], [11]. The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare four developing countries renewable energy policies in Southeast Asia. In addition, advantages and shortcomings of the policies are also identified and discussed in the later section. Further, a summary is drawn up regarding to the countries existing policies and frameworks. Lastly, suggestions for improvement on the policies are also included in this study for future review. 2. A broad look at the renewable energy policy of different developing countries Every developing country has its own unique renewable energy policy. Although some countries share a common objective or interest, none of the renewable energy policies can be identical to other renewable energy policies. For instance, the Philippines, a country which has few natural resources is mainly focusing on geothermal power in its renewable energy policy. Indonesia, a country which is rich in natural resources, on the other hand, has a more diversified renewable energy policy. In other words, the renewable energy policy of a country varies according to the countrys direction and natural resources available. In addition, efficiency of energy generated, energy used and environmental impacts are also taken into consideration during the review stage in certain policies. Although these factors do not directly affect or contribute to the development of renewable energies, impacts related to these factors should not be underestimated. Ignorance (on these issues) may lead to more ser ious catastrophic consequences to the world as some of the impacts pose significant threats to the global economy, food security, air quality and the condition of humans health [12]. 2.1 Renewable energy policy of Malaysia Traditionally, Malaysia, a country which is known for having vast amounts of petroleum resources, relies heavily on oil and gas (84%) and hydropower (16%) [13] for electricity generation. However, due to maturity of some oil reservoirs, production of oil has decreased gradually from 862 thousand barrels per day in 2004 to 713 thousand barrels per day in 2010 [14] and 630 thousand barrels per day in 2011 [15]. This problem has forced the government of Malaysia looking for viable renewable energies. To expedite the process, the government of Malaysia has established a fund, known as the Green Technology Financing Scheme (GTFS) amounting MYR 5 billion [16] as an effort to identify alternative green energy and develop green technology. Four key renewable energy sources have been identified, namely hydropower, solar power, wind energy and biomass energy. All these energies are expected to replace petroleum in the next 50 years. However, current researches on alternative energy are mainly concentrating on palm oil based biomass and biofuel with palm oil methyl esters being the preferred fuel. According to a preliminary estimation, palm oil biofuel could generate up to 20% of the countrys electricity by 2020 [17] and expect to replace the non-renewable fuel source, petroleum. Nevertheless, combustion of biofuel is always associated with greenhouse gases discharge such as carbon dioxide (CO2). Global atmospheric CO2 concentration has reported been increasing over the past century from 280ppm to 390ppm [18]. Malaysia was reportedly discharged 164.2 million tonne CO2 or 5.98 tonne CO2 per capita in 2009 [19]. It is estimated about 235.6% higher than the figure reported in 1990. A steep rise of CO2 discharge signifies the increase of environmental and health problems such as drought, rise in sea level, heavy downpours or flooding, increase mortality of wildlife, intense heat waves and increase risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases [20-22]. Although some parties claim that development of biofuel could reduce emission of greenhouse gases compared to fossil fuel combustion, the economic, environmental and social benefits of the current generation of biofuels vary [19]. The data does not take into consideration that deforestation for planting of palm tr ees used for biofuel production can result in one-time releases of CO2 which could be very large [19]. Furthermore, use of palm oil as feedstock in biodiesel production is also not economically feasible. Production cost of biofuel has escalated with increasing demand on palm oil due to the use of palm oil as edible oil in cooking. Although there are scopes to increase yield, massive conversion of palm oil to biodiesel will reduce reserves and eventually lead to higher palm oil prices [23]. In addition, increase in demand of palm oil would also drive global food prices higher and increase the competition for edible oil. It is undeniable that the abovementioned problems can be solved with increases palm oil production, but production increases have required rapid expansion of the area planted under oil palm [24], giving rise to serious concerns over deforestation and habitat loss as well as the drainage of peat lands. While short term governmental support such as tax exemption, regulatory intervention and promotion campaign play an important role in the biofuel development, the long ter m sustainability prospect pertaining to the environmental impact and economic is uncertain. 2.2 Renewable Energy Policy of the Philippines The government of the Philippines, however, focuses their effort mainly on geothermal energy development. It can be clearly seen from the country power generation statistic that the geothermal energy accounts for 12% of the countrys total electricity generation [25]. With the total capacity of 2000MW geothermal power plant in operation, Philippines is considered as the worlds second largest geothermal power producer [26]. This figure is far higher than the amount of energy generated by any other types of renewable energy. The effort on geothermal energy development is expected to be continued as it provides a promising future to the country. The reason why the government of the Philippines maintains its existing policy is due to present of numerous volcanos in Philippines. According to Sussman et. al., Philippines islands are complex assemblage of island arcs which have been accreting between two tectonic plates. Two opposing subduction zones have generated a series of volcanoes which extends the length of the Philippines, from northern Luzon to southern Mindanao. Most of the known high temperature (>240Â °C) geothermal systems in the Philippines are associated with these volcano [27]. At the same time, the government of the Philippines also attempts to develop biomass energy. Philippines is known as an agricultural country which produces abundant of biomass resources [28] such as rice straw, coconut shell and sugarcane residues. These resources are believed to have a large contribution to biomass energy production as it could supply continuous stream of feedstock for biomass energy generation. Although researches on other types of energy such as biomass energy and hydropower are also given a fair consideration, progress of the researches remains modest. The problem is mainly due to lack of financial support from the Philippiness Department of Energy and private investors. Limited financial resource available is a great barrier for the development of biomass energy. In addition, lack of incentives is another factor that hinder biomass energy development as the production cost is considerably higher than fossil fuel price [29]. 2.3 Renewable Energy Policy of Indonesia Indonesia, a country which is rich in natural resources, intends to reduce its dependence on the fossil fuel and aims to reduce the depletion rate of fossil fuel reserves[30], by diversifying its focus on solar energy, wind energy, ocean wave energy, geothermal energy and biomass energy generation [31]. Below are the policies related to Renewable Energy development [32]: Green Energy Policy (Ministerial Decree No.2/2004) Small Power Generation using Renewable Energy (Ministerial Decree No. 1122 K/30/MEM/2002) Geothermal Law (Law No. 27/2003) Regulation on Electricity Supply and Utilization (Government Regulation No. 03/2005) The government of Indonesia also encourages private sector and community participations through a small renewable power purchase tariff [26]. Through this programme, renewable power producers are given freedom to develop their own renewable power plants such as micro hydro power plants, mini wind farms and solar power plants in rural area. In addition, the government of Indonesia also invests a vast amount of money on biomass [33] and biofuel development. One of the examples is combustion of rice husk and biodiesel. The country produces an average of 50 million tonnes of rice husk each year. These rice husks have a very low commercial value and limited application. Hence, the government of Indonesia propose to build some rice husk and biodiesel power plants adjacent to rice mills or palm oil plantations to supply energy to the local community. Based on preliminary estimation, the country would enjoy an additional 1600MW power generated each year from the biomass energy generated [26]. However, combustion of biomass is not environmentally friendly. Some of the hazardous compounds generated such as smoke, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds are carcinogenic or may cause cancer. Furthermore, emission of carbon dioxide and methane may also lead to global warming problem. According to World Health Organization estimation, more people in the developing world die each year from conditions related to air pollution which is mostly from inefficient, solid-wood-burning stoves [34]. According to a study conducted by World Health Organization, air pollution from solid fuel use was responsible for almost 2 million annual deaths and 2.7% of the global burden of disease in the year 2004 [35]. This makes biomass combustion the second biggest environmental contributor to ill health, behind unsafe water and sanitation [35]. Although the promising geothermal power and hydropower are also given a fair consideration, development of the areas seems to be difficult as potential investors are deterred by the lack of financial viability guarantee and unstable political circumstance [26]. Moreover, distribution or supply of electricity to remote areas or communities is not economically feasible and the state-of-art technology involved of this energy is more expensive than energy produced by conventional hydrocarbon fired plants [30]. Thus, the proposal of building a large scale hydropower plant has been postponed for years. 2.4 Renewable Energy Policy of Vietnam Unlike other developing countries, Vietnam is currently on the rapid economy growth track and is enjoying economic prosperity which it has never experienced before. A decade after the end of the Vietnam War, Vietnam underwent an intensive economic reform known as Doi Moi or socialist-oriented market economy which encouraged foreign and private investments in various industries or sectors [36], [37]. Since then the economic performance of Vietnam had started to escalate and experienced a more intensive growth than ever before [38]. This growth has mainly been the results of the strong performance of five sectors, namely manufacturing, fishery, agricultural, tourism and services industries. Although the economy of Vietnam, like other countries, has also encountered several economy setbacks such as the Asian Financial Crisis, the Burst of the Bubble of Information Technology and the Subprime Economic Crisis, the countrys economy has recovered very rapidly each time after the crisis and has managed to attain average GDP growth of 6 to 9% annually [39]. Improvement of economic performance has indirectly driven up the countrys energy demand. According to the data provided by the Institute of Energy of Vietnam, energy or electricity generated were estimated around 21TWh, 40TWh and 67TWh for the years of 2000, 2004 and 2008 respectively [40], [41], with fossil fuel as a primary source of fuel. Based on the figures provided above, the average annual growth rate of energy demand was estimated at about 15% for this period. Despite having abundant fossil fuel reserves, it is noteworthy that the population of Vietnam [42] also increased in line with economic growth [38]. In addition, Vietnams transportation sector is still undergoing explosive growth. By making the assumption that the rate of growth in energy demand remains constant, the total energy or electricity required by 2030 will be 654TWh [36]. This situation has forced the government of Vietnam looking for sustainable alternative energies. Failure to search for more renewable energies will eventually turn Vietnam into net importer [38], which will give its economy a hard hit as high oil price could lead to a higher manufacturing and living costs. Furthermore, IMF and Citigroup predicted that Vietnam will be subjected to further currency devaluation [43] in years ahead due to inflation problem. All these factors will lead to a more severe economy setback if they fail to develop more sustainable energies to replace the scarce fossil fuel. Electricity supply in Vietnam currently is virtually provided by the local government as more than three quarters of the power plants in Vietnam are operated by either government organizations under the governance of the Ministry of Industry and Trade, Vietnam[41] or organizations which the government has stake or indirect interest in the companies. In short, most of the power plants are state-owned properties. These power plants are basically established under the first Power Development Master Plan, which is introduced to support the economic reformation [44]. Majority of the electricity supply to the northern and southern regions of Vietnam is generated using fossil fuel such as oil and gas (48%) and coal (17.9%) [39], which is considered unsustainable to both environment and economy. Electricity supply to the central part of Vietnam, on the other hand, is mostly generated using hydropower, which is accounted for 27.4% of the electricity supply in Vietnam [39] and is cleaner than fossil fuel combustion. Use of hydropower can be explained by the number of rivers available in Vietnam, which has about 2400 rivers of 10km long [41]. This enables the country enjoying the free and clean resource without compromising its sustainability policy. However, the potential of hydropower is still not fully exploited in Vietnam. Based on rough estimation, up to 70TWh of hydropower electricity could be generated annually [36]. The figure is higher than the countrys current energy need. Thus, the government of Vietnam is currently reviewing the existing strategy and master plan to develop hydropower for the period up to 2015 [45]. The plan of developing hydropower is not a sole solution, but certainly a wise move. In addition to the development of hydropower, the government of Vietnam also explore the possibility of utilizing wind power to generate electricity. In comparison to other countries, Vietnam has a better potential for wind energy development [46] as the country has a higher average wind speed of 7 to 9 m/s at a height of 65m [40]. Another reason encourages the country to develop hydropower is that it provides a competitive generation cost advantage. An estimation based on current wind power generation, with the cost of 8 US cents/kWh [40], indicates that the generation cost of wind power is at least 50% cheaper than other renewable energies. Moreover, wind farms can also be utilized to cultivate crops [47]. In other words, installation of wind turbines would not deter the development of the agricultural sector. This is particularly important to the country as the agricultural sector contributes significantly to its GDP. Furthermore, agricultural activities are bread and butter for p eople of the country. According to the Federal Research Division, agricultural activities account for the employment of approximately 60% of the nations workforce [48]. Thus, development of wind power could bring double benefits to the country. Although wind power generation is also associated with CO2 emission, the emission rate of CO2 from wind turbines is 100 times lower than that of coal combustion, which is insignificant or negligible. A part from the abovementioned energies, the government of Vietnam also explored other potential renewable energies such as solar power, biomass energy [49]. Solar energy is a very promising renewable energy for Vietnam as it is located very close to equator and receives up to 4500 hours sun light every year. Likewise, generation of electricity using biomass is also sustainable as Vietnam is rich in organic and natural resources such as forest, plants, agricultural by-products and edible oil. However, development of renewable energy was very slow and the move was not well received by the community previously. This was mainly due to factors such as limited understanding of renewable energies, lack of expertise support in this field and ignorance about importance of renewable energy to the country. Thus, the updated revised Master Plan for Nation Power Development of Vietnam has already included design principles for the implementation of the Vietnam Competitive Generation Market [50] to increase potential of renewable energy development. In addition, renovation of management is also taken into consideration to attract foreign investors [37] and foreign talents. Meanwhile, the Ministry of Finance also shows a strong support on the plan by increasing tax imposed on profit gained by power plants through oil, gas and coal combustion. 3. Conclusion In conclusion, energy is essential to every countrys development. However, overreliance on fossil fuels in energy generation has become a critical issue. Following the footsteps of the developed countries, most developing countries in Southeast Asia have started reviewing their sustainable energy policies and searched for viable renewable energies to replace the scarce resources. While some countries choose to focus on biomass energy or wind power research and development, others, on the other hand, take a more diversified approach. These policies are mainly designed according to the resources available and each countrys vision. For instance, Malaysia allocates more financial resources on biofuel development as the country possesses vast amounts of palm oil plantation or land. While the Philippines choose to maintain its exploration effort on geothermal energy and biomass developments as country is located in the western part of the Pacific Rim, which is the weakest part of the earth crust [51]. This gives the country the advantage of using the magna of the earth crust to generate steam and electricity. Indonesia, a country which is rich in natural resources, tries to variegate fuel resources by exploring different potential energies. Their counterpart, Vietnam, however, chooses to invest on hydropower development as it has more than 2400 rivers with 10km long [41]. In addition, efficiency of energy generated and environmental impacts are also taken into consideration during policy review stage as legislators believed that under-estimation of the impacts related to these factors may lead to catastrophic impairments to environment and economy. It is undeniable that development of all these renewable energies would reduce human dependence on fossil fuel, however the long term prospect for these energies is uncertain. For instance, combustion of biofuel may not be environmental friendly as well as economically viable in the long term. Thus, a more comprehensive evaluation should be taken into consideration during the policy review stage. In addition, present energy strategy should adapt to new criteria which must be followed in future energy system development [52].

Child development research :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The article entitled An Analysis of Schema Theory and Learning Theory as Explanations for Variance in Adolescent Adjustment to Divorce is a research done with adolescents to see how well a child and his or her parents adjust to divorce. The researchers are trying to find a way to help children deal with divorce. The researchers are trying to see if there is a connection between a child?s age and their sex that affects the way they adjust to divorce. After trying to see if these two factors are connected, researchers then also study to see if a child?s relationships with his or her parents also have a role in the child?s adjustment. This research was done to help understand if schema theory had something to do with the children?s adjustment when it came to divorce. With all the possibilities, the researchers wanted to narrow it down using the schema theory. The schema theory is said to be a way of thinking, and not wanting to change what you know.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another article entitled Assessments of Trust in Intimate Relationships and the Self Perception Process is about trust and how every health human relationship should have it. This article tells about how trust is what gets two people to work together, side by side, and help make their bond stronger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holmes and Rempel looked at the different issues people had with trusting their partner. The participants had to go through a couple of different tests to see how trust issues interfered with the relationships they shared. This research goes over how an individual gains trust and how certain factors can affect it. An individual?s personal experiences could even affect a relationship they share. They may have gotten traumatized before. This also shows how one person in a relationship trusts their partner, and then how another set of participants in another relationship have problems. Article 1: Abstract An Analysis of Schema Theory and Learning Theory as Explanations for Variance in Adolescent Adjustment to Divorce Learning theory and schema theory were used as different reasons for how adolescents deal with divorce. Different types of questionnaires were given to children by the students at Stellenbosch University. The adolescents who participated in the study took Antonovsky?s Life Orientation Questionnaire, Hudson?s CAM and CAF questionnaires, a bunch of questions that measured how the adolescents felt about divorce, and questions about the adolescent?s life. The schema theory was not found as the main reason, the results stated very little proof of the way an adolescent acted as being the means by which the adolescent dealt with his or her relationship with its parents, or the how the child adjusted to the divorce.