The Effect Of Obestatin Health And Social Care Essay

The present survey was designed to measure the effects of chronic intra peritoneal disposal of obestatin on plasma testosterone concentrations and cellular morphometry of the testicles in male Sprague Dawly rats. Treatment groups were injected with obestatin ( 1nmol/100  µl saline i.p ) while the control groups received saline ( 100  µl i.p ) for 10 back-to-back yearss. Blood samples were collected at different clip intervals during and after the dose disposal. Testiss were removed after killing the rats on yearss 5 and 15 after the last injection. Plasma testosterone concentrations were found significantly high ( p & A ; lt ; 0.05 ) in the obestatin treated groups as compared to the control groups. Testicular histomorphometry revealed that obestatin intervention caused a important addition in the primary spermatocytes ( P & A ; lt ; 0.0001 ) , secondary spermatocytes and spermatids ( P & A ; lt ; 0.005 ) and Leydig cells population ( p & A ; lt ; 0.0001 ) both after five and 15 yearss. These findings indicate that obestatin significantly proliferate different testicular cell types and heighten testosterone secernment in male Sprague Dawley rats during peri-pubertal phase of development. Assorted peptide endocrines are secreted from the intestine and enter circulation that regulates nutrient consumption, energy balance and stomachic motility [ Tache et Al. 2004 ; Young et Al. 2005 ; Baynes et Al. 2006 ; Cummings et Al. 2007 ] . The oxyntic mucous membrane cells secrete two peptide endocrines, ghrelin and obestatin which are considered as functional adversaries of each other. Ghrelin addition nutrient intake while obestatin cut down nutrient consumption [ Zhang et Al. 2005: Gualillo et Al. 2006 ] . G-protein coupled receptor GHS-R1a is considered as ghrelin receptor [ McKee et Al. 1997 ] . Another G-protein coupled receptor GPR39 which belongs to the ghrelin receptor household and is considered as receptor of obestatin [ Zhang et al. , 2005 ] . In gnawers, obestatin look was reported in assorted tissues including stomachic mucous membrane, myentric rete perinatal pancreas every bit good as in the Leydig cells of the testicle [ Chanonie et Al. 2006 ; Dun et Al. 2006 ; Zhang et Al. 2005 ] . It was reported that obestatin can non go through blood encephalon barrier, nevertheless its look has been reported in the encephalon. It was therefore postulated that obestatin might make the encephalon through the average distinction [ Pan et Al. 2006 ; Jackson et Al. 2006 ] . Data sing the engagement of obestatin in the generative maps is still missing nevertheless in a recent survey it was found that obestatin might be involved in the ordinance of ovarian granulose cells maps. It was reported that obestatin significantly increase Lipo-Lutin secernment and bring on programmed cell death in civilized porcine ovarian granulose cells [ Meszarosova et Al. 2007 ] . Engagement of ghrelin in the ordinance of generative maps has besides been reported. It was found that intervention with ghrelin for 10 back-to-back yearss resulted in the suppression of proliferative stage of different testicular cells during peri-pubertal phase. In the back bead of these findings the present survey was designed to look into the chronic consequence of obestatin on testosterone production and testicular cell proliferation in male Sprauge Dawley rats. Different cell counts are presented in table 1. In the obestatin treated animate beings the average figure of spermatogonia was high as compared to the control animate beings, but this addition was non statistically important. However, the average figure of primary spermatocytes were significantly high at different experimental yearss in the obestatin treated animate beings as compared to the control animate beings ( P & A ; lt ; 0.0001 ) . The average figure of secondary spermatocytes were besides significantly high in the obestatin treated animate beings on both 5 and 15 twenty-four hours ( P & A ; lt ; 0.005 ) . Average figure of unit of ammunition and extended spermatids nowadays in the seminiferous tubule were significantly ( P & A ; lt ; 0.005 ) high in both intervention groups dissected on different experimental yearss as compared to matching control groups. Similarly the average figure of leydig cells were significantly ( p & A ; lt ; 0.0001 ) high in treated groups as compar ed to command groups but the figure of Sertoli cells present in the seminiferous tubule was non significantly high in the treated groups as compared to the control groups on different experimental yearss ( figure 2 and 3 ) . Mean ±SEM testicular adventitia albuginea thickness, seminiferous tubule epithelial tallness and seminiferous tubule diameter of control and obestatin treated groups on different experimental yearss are presented in table 2. There was found no important difference in testicular adventitia albuginea thickness, seminiferous tubule epithelial tallness and seminiferous tubule diameter of treated groups as compared to the control groups. Mean ±SEM atomic diameter of spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, sertoli cells and leydig cells of control and obestatin treated groups on different experimental yearss are presented in table 3. No important alteration in mean ±SEM spermatogonial, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, sertoli cells and leydig cells atomic diameter was observed in treated groups as compared to the control groups, both at twenty-four hours five and twenty-four hours 15 ( figure 2 ) . The testicle is a complex hormone organ where different cell types interplay to guarantee male birthrate, under the control of a overplus of hormone, paracrine and autocrine regulative signals [ Saez 1994 ] . In recent old ages, it has become apparent that different factors with cardinal functions in the growing axis ( e.g. GHRH and IGF-I ) and organic structure weight homeostasis ( e.g. leptin ) are potentially involved in the ordinance of testicular map [ Ciampani et Al. 1992 ; Baker et Al. 1996 ; Tena-Sempere et Al. 1999 ; Tena-Sempere et Al. 2001 ] . The present survey was designed in order to measure the effects of 10 twenty-four hours chronic i.p disposal of obestatin on testicular morphology and androgen synthesis in peri-pubertal male rats. In the survey 45-days-old male rats were allocated for the experiment because this age is considered as normal timing of puberty happening in the male rats [ Ojeda and Urbanski, 1994 ] . Infusions ( i.p ) of obestatin for 10 yearss was started when the rats were 45 yearss old and were dissected on twenty-four hours 5th ( 60-days-old ) and 15th ( 70-days-old ) twenty-four hours after intervention. The first sperm cell is normally seen in the lms of seminiferous tubules at 45th twenty-four hours of age [ Clermont et Al. 1957 ] and mature sperm cell is seen in vessel deferens 13 to 14 yearss subsequently at the age of about 60 yearss [ Clegj et Al. 1960 ] . The proliferation rate of the testicular cells is higher in this peculiar clip, so for this ground the current experiment was conducted o n this stage of development in male rat. In the present survey, chronic extract of obestatin during the pubertal phase, significantly increased testosterone degree in big male rats, and that elevated testosterone degree might straight heighten the spermatogenesis every bit early as observed in bulk of the seminiferous tubule in the treated animate beings as compared to the control animate beings. Obestatin intervention besides caused pronounced addition in figure of assorted testicular cells in the seminiferous tubules. This determination shows that obestatin has a stimulatory function in the transition of cellular proliferation during the peri-pubertal period in male rats. This determination besides suggests a possible opposing manner of action of obestatin as compared to ghrelin, as it was besides antecedently reported that ghrelin is a negative modulator of male generative system [ Kheradmand et al. 2008 ] . Obestatin intervention for 10 back-to-back yearss failed to do any significantly addition in the figure of spermatogonia and sertoli cell in the seminiferous tubule of the male rats and besides has no effects on seminiferous tubule and epididimal cannular thickness and its diameter. Similarly no alteration was observed in the weight and diameter of testicles. No information sing consequence of obestatin on testicular degree has been still reported. The present observations provide grounds for an engagement of obestatin in heightening the testosterone production from leydig cells. Either this addition in the testosterone secernment is the direct consequence of the binding of obestatin to its receptor ( GPR 39 ) which is present in testicle [ Yammamoto et Al. 2007 ] or obestatin could either heighten the reactivity of Leydig cells towards pituitary LH. Clearly farther surveies are needed to screen out the exact mechanism through which obestatin enhance testicular testosterone synthesis and the manner through which it induce spermatogenesis in male rats testicles.

Assessment for planning and sustainability Essay

?Tourism is an integrated system where all the elements are linked taking into account the relationships between tourism and economic, social, cultural and physical environment. In order to develop Strathnagar village as a sustainable tourist and habitable destination, a harmony is required between the needs of a visitor, the destination and the community. Tourism creates an incentive for environmental conservation, preservation of sensitive areas. There are many examples from Scotland where tourism has promoted restoration and preservation of historic sites also tourism encouraged conservation of natural resources. Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park created in 2002 and Cairngorm National Park created in 2003 were designed under the national Parks (Scotland) Act 2000. The main aim was to conserve, enhance and promote the natural beauty and cultural heritage for current and future generations. Transport has been heavily blamed in the last few years because of fuel emissions. For this reason cycling has been promoted across the UK as environmentally friendly transport type by a charity called Sustarns. Since then over 10. 000 miles of cycle paths have been created to decrease the harm of environment. In Strathnagar village along the bird sanctuary is a site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) managed by Scottish Natural Heritage. It is likely that this organization will continue and extend conservation and preservation works in the future if there are sustainable developments involved in the village. However, there are a number of negative impacts on environment as a consequence of tourism growth and activities taken by tourists. This includes erosions, pollution and wild life disturbance. To minimize the harmful impacts in the area certain procedures should be taken in Srathnagar village. Business owners should become members of Visit Scotland’s Green Tourism Assurance Scheme. It aims to help businesses working in the hospitality sector achieve efficiency and marketing benefits by managing their environmental responsibilities. Tourists are coming to Scotland and natives are travelling around the country, because of a desire to see the natural scenery and wildlife Scotland has to offer. However, irresponsible tourism and properly unmanaged sites lead to the destruction of biodiversity. Tourist activities impact directly and indirectly on ecosystems. Indirect pressure on plants and animals may result from increased levels of emissions of various trace-gases through leisure-related transport. Direct impact on the ecosystems would have if natural environments are put under strain when the â€Å"Carrying Capacity† of the area or resource is exceeded. Also Through destruction of ecosystems and habitats, draining of wetlands, unsustainable use of land, trampling, tent camps, etc. tourist contribute directly to the disturbance of ecosystems. 85% of European coasts are at high or moderate risk from development related pressures as 2/3 of Europe’s tourism is based on coastlines. Coral reefs are the most vulnerable in the ecosystem, easily can be damaged from snorkelers and scuba divers. In Trinidad and Tobago island massive developments have damaged beaches and destroyed the habitat of turtles where they lay their eggs. While in Jamaica unsustainable constructions has caused severe beach erosion due to the obliteration of sand dunes and also cause wetland destruction. The tourism sector as a whole, along with tourists should be encouraged to minimize any negative impacts and maximize positive impacts on biodiversity and local cultures associated with their consumption choices and behavior, for example through voluntary initiatives, information events, controlling the number of visitor and implementing codes of conduct. Generally, every country wants to attract tourists and generate as much income from tourism as possible. Tourism has been seen as a positive factor, it provides jobs and people have personal empowerment. In Strathnagar village tourism would allow to preserve and revive the cultures, traditions and crafts. Good example is â€Å"Rumsiskes† the open- air museum in Lithuania. It displays the heritage of Lithuanian rural life in authentic resurrected buildings where people lived and worked. The traditions, crafts and dances where revived that was almost forgotten. The money from Tourism and tourist demand helped to restore and keep it for the future generations. However, according to Doxey’s irritation index (1975) a four stage model of the slow decline in host visitor relations exists: Euphoria (delight in contact) Apathy (increasing indifference with larger numbers) Irritation (concern and annoyance) Antagonism (convert and overt aggression to visitors) The most recognized negative cultural impacts are cultural degradation and trivialization, also when cultural events are turned into staged events that have direct adverse effects on traditional ways of life on the distinctiveness of local cultures. The places like Spanish Resorts and Caribbean Islands have become identikit resorts that have nothing in common with traditional culture. Locals are basically annoyed by tourists as they lost the privacy and tranquility. People understand the benefits that tourism gives, but on the same time feel as they are losing the traditions and authentic culture. Benidorm reached critical stage- full physical â€Å"carrying capacity† is exceeded during the high season; there is no accommodation and certain services available. Aboriginal or indigenous communities such as Australia, Masi Mara are transformed (in order to earn some money) and requested to display significant cultural events for tour companies no matter the time and adequacy. Strathnagar is going to start at Euphoria stage; community is excited about the new life. However, to avoid quick decline in host visitor relations community should control the number of visitors, modify their behavior by extending the season, spreading the busy seasons and adapting the resources. Separate, reasonable size car parking should be provided in order to avoid visitors parking at local’s windows. Most common negative impacts on socio- culture are tradition degradation, trivialization and when cultural events are turned into staged events. According to VisitScotland Statistics, Tourism in Scotland is worth approx ? 4bn, employs 9% of the workforce and pays more wages than oil, gas and whisky industries combined. Moreover it gives a chance for communities in rural areas such as Strathnagar village to have jobs and not to consider moving from the place they have been living happily for since birth. However, Tourism not only creates jobs in the sector, it also encourages growth in the primary and secondary sectors of industry. This is known as the multiplier effect which is how many times money spent by a tourist circulates through a country’s economy. The money spent by a tourist in Strathnagar village for example in a hotel would help to create jobs directly in the hotel, also would create jobs indirectly elsewhere in the economy. If hotel buys food from local farmer, that farmer can spend some of this money on clothes. The demand for local products increases as tourists often buy souvenirs, which increases secondary employment. The multiplier effect continues until the money eventually ‘leaks’ from the economy through imports – the purchase of goods from other countries, tourists not spending money at the destination, tour operators sending tourists on all- inclusive package and leaving the great deal of profit at tourists generating country not receiving. In Thailand estimated that 70% of all money spent by tourists ended up leaving Thailand (via foreign-owned tour operators, airlines, hotels, imported drinks and food, etc. ). The positive fact is that the employment level will rise in Strathnagar village and the tourists will use the services and spend money. Direct jobs will be available for tour guides, housekeeping, catering staff, and gardeners. Indirect jobs for joiners, builders and induced- improvements in health and transport services. However there will arise and negative aspects such as low wages, no highly skilled jobs, no chance to keep younger generation. Also village could be highly affected by seasonality; it is hard to attract tourists during the winter. Community might not get any support from council as it is a small and badly impacted by seasonality. There is a chance to extend the season or to attract visitors by launching traditional food, arts and crafts festivals and corporate events in Crafts and Arts Centre which might be a good way to minimize the seasonality. Dumfries and Galloway is a very popular tourist destination during the summer, but not so much in low seasons. The Art festival called Spring Fling was launched to attract visitors and it is on every April. However, in order to protect the natural and built environments that tourism is dependent on, certain measures should be in place. Visitor Management is an approach that which aims to protect environment (social, environmental) while providing for visitor enjoyment. Visitor Management can be at the Micro level (national, regional, or area) or at the Macro level (settlement, site or attraction). There are many organizations across the globe that is considered as the main tools for sustainability and managing tourism. Historical Scotland helps towards conservation and preservation of cultural and historic buildings, landscapes and sites. Visit Scotland provides signage, code of conducts to minimize negative impacts, national designed National Tourist routes, theme trails for tourists to navigate easily, increase the geographical spread and avoid unnecessary wandering. Also provides marketing, promotion to the area and encourage visitor behaviour through education and interpretation methods. Tourism Management Programmes (TMPs) are designed to benefit visitor, place and host by adopting a multifaceted planning approach. National Parks aims to conserve and enhance the natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage and promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the special qualities of National Parks by public. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) that aims to create the conditions for dialogue among civilizations, cultures and peoples, based upon respect for commonly shared values. It contributes to sustainable development and intercultural dialogue through education, communication, culture and information. There are three main visitor management techniques used to overcome or minimize negative impacts from tourism developments: Control Volume of visitors: limit numbers, encourage alternative visiting times, extend tourist season Modify Behaviour of visitors: codes of conduct, interpretation, education Adapt resources: harden footpaths, construct purpose built facilities (walk- ways hides etc) The visitor management techniques can be divided in to two following forms: Hard measures occur when restricting physical and financial on access. (Parking fees, road closures, zoning, fencing, limited visitor numbers) Zoning and paid roads are common thing in big cities such as Moscow and London. Certain fees need to be paid in order to pass the bridge or enter other zone. Also hard measures are applied when during the festival or any other celebration the city centre is closed and any type of motor transport in not permitted. In Edinburgh that happens during the Hoghmoney when all action takes in the city centre. Soft measures – associated with encouraging desired behaviours rather than restricting undesirable ones. (Education, interpretation, marketing and promotion) In Scottish Boarders Forest District the soft measures has been implemented to manage the tourists and minimise the impacts from tourism activities. Signposting for mountain- trail has been provided. The Osprey Visitor Centre offers a variety of information and education for people of different ages. A lot of illustrative material is offered. Local volunteers are integrated in the educational activities. Available rangers on site to help and give needed advice. In Strathnagar village it is recommended to apply soft measure management techniques through education and interpretation. The signage should be provided to direct and guide visitors in the area. Moreover the community should consider establishing the Visitor Information Centre where leaflets, guides and verbal advice could be given to visitors. Also it is recommended to provide car parking facilities in order to avoid conflicts with locals as visitors may park on locals’ driveway. There are plenty examples for educating tourism suppliers, tour operators and visitors on sustainable tourism practice: Codes of Conduct for Visitors SNH outdoor access code The Code is based on three key principles and these apply equally to the public and to the land owners: Respect the interests of other people Care for the environment Take responsibility for your own actions Responsible access can be enjoyed over most of Scotland including urban parks, hills and woods, beaches, lochs, rivers and canals. VisitScotland Responsible Visitors Guide It is a guide for visitors to follow the simple steps to play the part in caring for our outstanding natural environment, fantastic wildlife and rich cultural heritage whilst supporting the local communities along the way. Codes of Conduct for tourism Suppliers Wild Scotland Wild Scotland produced Responsible Professional Wildlife Watching guide in order to provide a safe, professional and responsible wildlife watching experience for the tourists. VisitScotland Sustainability Team There is a clear mandate for VisitScotland to help drive sustainability within the tourism sector in Scotland. This is provided by the Scottish Government Economic Strategy and the Tourism Framework for Change, and is reflected in the VisitScotland Corporate Plan 2010/13. VisitScotland’s Sustainable Tourism Strategy 2010 – 2015 provides a clear rationale and plan for delivering our aspirations for sustainable tourism over the next five years. We will contribute to a more sustainable future for Scotland through taking direct action on issues under our control and playing an influencing role where this is not possible. This will include support for the implementation of sustainable tourism strategies at the national and local level. Business events programme The National Funding Programme complements the International Funding Programme and plays an integral role in developing domestic tourism across Scotland. By supporting events which take place outside the cities of Edinburgh and Glasgow, EventScotland is also growing Scotland’s wider events portfolio which forms the backbone of our events industry. Guidance Booklets The Business Waste Guidance Booklet is provided by VisitScotland for tourism businesses gives for tourism suppliers more detailed information on waste management and how to reduce your business waste. Tourist Signposting in Scotland- the purpose of this document is to explain which visitor facilities may be eligible for Tourist Signposting in Scotland and how to apply. Tourist Signposting is a fundamental part of providing a welcome for our visitors. In determining who is eligible for Tourist Signposting accreditation, VisitScotland uses Quality Assurance schemes to ensure that our visitors are directed to facilities that offer a consistent quality experience. Conclusion There are many positive and negative impacts on environment, socio- culture, economy from tourist activities and generally the travel and tourism industry. Tourism providers need to bear in mind that they are responsible for the damage the irresponsible tourism does and ensure that the experience for the visitors will be provided in sustainable and less harmful way Strathnagar is beautiful village with loads of potential to develop a sustainable tourism destination with a help of organizations involved.

PhD Program Essay

It is with distinct privilege that I seek to provide the committee of this University my application for a post-graduate PhD degree in Exercise Kinesiology. Equipped with the necessary skills and competence, I wish to impart the necessary information relevant in my application. In the end, it is my desire to showcase my relevant education and experience which had given me the opportunity to meet the necessary criteria for acceptance. The constant motivation and aim to improve has always been my constant objectives in seeking higher education. Acquiring the relevant concepts and theories can be an essential as I seek to balance the interplay between the real environment and the views presented in textbooks. Moreover, the experience can also serve as an avenue for teaching in my relevant profession. Having the sufficient training and schooling can permit a solid leverage over the things being given to students. Looking back at my educational background, I achieved my Associates of Arts degree in Santa Fe Community College, Gainesville on May 2005. By 2007, I finished my Bachelor of Science in Applied Physiology and Kinesiology at University of Georgia, Athens. Currently, I am due to graduate on December 2008 with an Education Master of Science in Exercise Physiology at the University of Miami. All these things have been significant in what I am right now. With regards to my work experience, I had been employed by Don Shulas Hotel in Miami as an exercise specialist/wellness coordinator. In here, I was given the responsibility of handling clients in various fitness levels. Moreover, I began creating strength plans for golf players in the hotel. It is with these encounters that I was able to apply the things I had learned in my education while at the same time obtain the necessary experience to be competitive in my realm. Also, recognizing the importance of reaching out to other people, I had also been a participant of a volunteer program last 2006. I became engrossed at Terwilliger Elementary School wherein I taught students with mental disabilities of basic motor skills. The fulfillment and satisfaction of seeing these kids learn has always been beneficial in my personal drive to teach. Similarly, it developed my interpersonal skill in handling different kinds of people. This I see is another crucial factor to be successful in my field. I also understand that the PhD program requires a research topic that will guide me throughout the program. Due to this, my interest shall focus on the effect of resistance training on diseased population such as diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. I seek to provide to the expansion of literature by showcasing my study towards my colleagues. It has always been my overall goal to investigate relationships and provide added insight to my profession. But I still feel the dire need to be guided by professors who will impart their time and effort to lead me towards increased competency and growth. That is why, if given the opportunity, I would like to be under the tutelage of Dr. Borsa, Dr. Haas, and Dr. Hausenblass. With their help, I can maximize my potentials and at the same time pave the way for learning for students. In the end, I hope the committee shall consider my application. Your approval can be very beneficial not only to my personal goals but at the same time to individuals who share the same interests that I have. It is only through our hard work and determination can we achieve the changes that we desire.

Last man and overman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Last man and overman - Essay Example Plato believes that desire and thinking are in the body not of the body. However, Nietzsche thinks that last man comes from repression of body and instincts. Without the body, the soul cannot move beyond itself and see things objectively. Plato believes that the essence of soul is out there, beyond itself and is moving. Nietzsche agrees it is moving, although he claims that essence is secured in body. Ego and will both have contempt for the body but both have contentment in their thinking and desires. During studying this text, we can understand that the soul of the last man is not able to create beyond itself, but the soul of the overman is able to create beyond itself. There are some characteristics of the last man, such as cruelty, the longest life (because he has a great knowledge of health), happiness, reason, and virtue. If you deny the body, your sense cannot go beyond yourself and material things. The origin of the last man was already in Plato’s doctrine. Ego, will, and soul mean thinking, desire or will, and spirit respectively. The spirit of ego, will, and desire must be changed into the postmodern view on the soul and postmodern form. Soul controls the body of the last man, while the body controls soul in behalf of body. Soul is complete and it is never equal to body. Soul is in the body but not of the body. It goes towards rationality. The soul of the last man is the soul away from the body. Soul is like spirit, ego, thinking, and desire. Soul has contempt for the body, but it is only a spirit. Soul as spirit is immoral. Spirit without the body is the structure of the soul of last man. The soul cannot go beyond manmade happiness. The chapter â€Å"On the Despisers of the Body†, you are what your body is â€Å"Body am I, and soul†. The body created the ego and the spirit and it serves to itself. The self is the body and the spirit that the body created. The body is a great intelligence and the ruling part of

INTER-BASIN WATER TRANSFERS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

INTER-BASIN WATER TRANSFERS - Research Paper Example Bosnia and Herzegovina is located in south Eastern Europe on the western Balkan region. It has a total surface area of 51209 km squared of which land accounts for 51197 km squared and sea accounts for 12.2 km squared (Omeragic, 2009). The longest river is called Drina which is 346 km long and the largest lake being Busko Blato which is 55.8 km squared. Hydrological resources include; 20000 km of rivers and brooks (Drina, Sava, Bosna, Vrbas, and Una) 400 ha of lakes (Busko, Blato, Visegradsko, Jablanicko, and modrac’ Busko Blato is the largest lake in Bosnia) 1400 ha of seacoast. The country is divided into eight basic river basins, which belong to Danube river basin, Sava River and its tributaries, Una River with Korana and Glina, Vrbas, Bosna and Drina (Hudson 2009). All the water in this country is managed by three water management companies; public enterprise of the Sava river basin, Directorate for water located in Bijeljina and Public enterprise for the Adriatic Sea basin (Jovancic, 2008). Water demand in this country is high as it is used for different purposes like irrigation, fishing, domestic purposes, industrial purposes, commercial purposes and so on. Fishing and fish farming is a popular economic activity in Bosnia and a lot of the water there is used for fish farming. Marine aquaculture is also carried out in Bosnia using cages located in the Adriatic Sea at Neum (Omeragic, 2009). Water is used for agricultural purposes like irrigation where water is directed to farms from water source for farming and other irrigation purposes. Water is supplied from a number of sources like; lakes, rivers, dams, sea basins, water reservoirs, Examples include; Black sea basin, Sava river, Black and Adriatic seas and neretva and Trebincjica water reservoirs. Water stress is related to the overusing of water in relation to the general population whereby if the population is large and

Effect of Exercise on Blood Pressure and Pulse Rate Essay

Effect of Exercise on Blood Pressure and Pulse Rate - Essay Example To find out more about the effects of exercise on pulse rate and blood pressure, an experiment was conducted. It was done by using two participants. Despite having the same age and gender, Person 1 is a 24-year old male who is 57 tall and 140 pounds. On the other hand, Person 2 is a 24-year old male who is 510 tall and 195 pounds. To effectively study them, they were engaged in a mild exercise (10-minute walk) and vigorous exercise (10-minute jumping). By using appropriate materials, the pulse rate and blood pressure were measured before, during and after the experiment. The differences in the results were used to determine the effects of exercise on pulse rate and blood pressure. While conducting this experiment, many materials were used. These included a stopwatch and digital pulse cuff and blood pressure which were of course used for recording the results to determine the changes in the blood pressure and pulse rate realized so far. The stopwatch was used for measuring time. From the analysis of the results, it was established that the exercise had resulted into an increase in blood pressure as well as pulse rate. The more vigorous the exercise was, the more the change in pulse rate. Because of these changes, it took some time for everything to turn back to normal after the end of the experiment. From these findings, it is clear that physical exercise has a direct on the pulse rate of a human being. It is for this reason that the aforementioned changes were experienced when the experiment was carried out. However, as found out from the recordings, the degree of change in pulse rate directly depends on the intensity of the exercise that is conducted (Wohlfahrt and Farazdaghi 168). For instance, when the participants engaged in walking exercises, there was a slight change in their pulse rates. However, this was not the same when the participants got involved in more vigorous exercises such as jumping on a rope.  

Diversity in Organizations Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Diversity in Organizations - Term Paper Example Corporate trainers design programs which can certainly help organizations to implement diversified culture in the organization. However if diversity is not going to be managed properly then it can affect the overall productivity of the organization. Human Resource Management department has an important role to play for management of diversified culture in the organization. HR managers should create awareness among employees of the organization. They should focus on an idea that one single employee can not do much for the betterment of the organization. Employees can only bring change in the organization through their collective effort. They can not do anything positive individually. Employees are the main force of the organization that has to carry out day to day work in order to bring productivity, efficiency and effectiveness. Employees often enter into the organization with diverse background. Therefore sometimes it becomes difficult for managers to manage them effectively. Manage rs of the organization should realize it as strength. Employees need to understand certain dynamics of this diversity since it can help them to achieve strategic goals of the organization. Top management should also reflect acceptability for diversity through their actions and behaviors. Relevant behaviors of the employee should be reinforced so that they could also realize that which particular type of behaviors is acceptable within the organization. Diversity can also become one of the distinguishing characteristic of the organization if it can be managed properly (Bell, 2006). One thing should be very clear when it comes to the implementation of diversity programs in the organization; the thing is that organization should know what diversity actually means in the context of their corporate culture. The differences of culture and the different ways of doing things should be respected by the management of the organization if it wants to implement such program. There are many differ ences which employees can bring to the organization. These include color, sex, race, religion, diverse educational background etc. However one thing will be common in these highly diversified employees that are to achieve organizational objectives efficiently and effectively. Clarity about specific benefits associated with diversity programs should be communicated to the employees so that they may know that what type of benefits they are going to be offered if they help organizations toward the implementation of such programs. New employees should get proper orientation so that they can also embrace diversity of the organization. New employees can easily accept such programs since they have not seen the past programs of the organization (Anca & Vega, 2007). Managers can mold these employees in a way which is required by the organization. There are many organizations which are accepting diversity in order to make their presence global. Experts are also of the opinion that organizatio n having diverse workforce can approach different problems in a unique way. They have knowledge base which is quite diverse in its approach and thinking. Therefore they are also in a better position to solve contemporary issues in a unique way. Managers should also arrange training and development sessions so that employees can understand diversity programs in a more formal way. Employers can further enhance the utility of diversity programs by linking some part of their compensation to their diversity

The Meaning Of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Meaning Of Art - Essay Example The work of art is geared towards filling a gap in the market. For example, those that are unable to afford the expensive diamond can opt to have plastic artistic works. The aesthetic is also very important in motivating an artist; Mary Heilmann, points out to color and aesthetics as the major inspirations to her work. Artists also find it appropriate and derive a lot of inspiration from doing their work in a different way; this is according to Heilmann2. The importance of art was another aspect addressed in the readings. In the reading, why is art important? Both the video as well as the drawing provided much insight on the essence of developing an artistic work. According to Doris Salcedo, art brings history alive and makes generations to have a connection. He described his work of art as a connection between people of different ages since such could easily be forgotten. Art does not only provide the remembrance of the artist but also the events or situations depicted in the artist ic work. In addition, it is apparent from Salcedo that art brings forth aspect that provides a common platform to the society. It is also clear that art plays a role in attempting to address experiences of people3. According to the â€Å"Fantasy† by Jeff Koons, art presents some power that is accompanied some form of moral authority. Some of the moral aspects of artwork include good ethics and encouraging spirituality4. In this regard, art work plays a role of informing the public on best practices and morality. Another Art21 reading under focus is, What makes something a work of art? Over time creativity has created a diversification in the work of art, in the modern context the work of art takes a broad perspective. Some artistic work is supposed to be a creative component that should not always be predictable by the people that view it.

Marketing the New Product of IMMO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing the New Product of IMMO - Essay Example The product should be differentiated and branded differently and it should target different segments of the market as well as well as be priced differently. Further in terms of forecasting demand for the product, it is advisable that the organization obtains orders from the law enforcement agencies as well as from retailers before deciding on the number of units that should be manufactured at launch and in the four quarters of the first year. The objective of this report is to help the management of the organization to decide on the different strategies that it should undertake to ensure that it is meets its full potential in profitability and market penetration. Throughout this document the author has carried out an in depth analysis of the organization, its products, the markets that it wishes to penetrate and the current economic conditions and makes the necessary conclusions and recommendations. In this report the author first analyses if IMMO Tech should proceed with its plans to market the new product, and then the if the organization should enter into any international markets and if so which ones in particular. ... alyses if IMMO Tech should proceed with its plans to market the new product, and then the if the organization should enter into any international markets and if so which ones in particular. Further the author also analyses which market segments and target markets should they focus on, who the target consumers are and which social demographic and lifestyle characteristics they have to share. Once the author studies the different demographic groups in and their similar characteristics the author then goes on to advice the organization on the importance of standardizing or differentiating the products according to the market segments that are targeted and how this can be done to suit the different markets. Next the author analyses the pricing strategy and which strategy should be adopted at the early stages of the product's life cycle, the retail price that should be recommended to the stockists. Since the pricing strategy has been recommended the author then goes on to study and analyze the implications of charging different prices in different markets and the extent to which exchange rates play a role in the context international business. In the final sections of the document the author then analyses if IMMO should develop a range of accessories, if the organization does decide to produce accessories then, how will they add value to the brand and the profitability of the organization. How will it be done in a manner that it rivals can copy Then the author goes on to analyze how and where IMMO should promote and advertise its smartphone, how many units should IMMO Tech manufacture in the run up to the launch And finally how many should be produced in the first four quarters after the launch Once all of the above has been analyzed in detail the author then draws

Marketing Mix Apple Essay Example for Free

Marketing Mix Apple Essay In the economy, the marketing has an important position which decides almost the success of the company or the brand. Most of well-known brands in the world also have a good marketing plan; Apple is the best example for having excellent marketing strategies. In this essay, the marketing mix strategy of Apple will be discussed to understand how Apple makes their high value in more details. The first thing to take account into marketing mix strategy is the product. As already known, Apple is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Cupertino, California that designs, develops, and sell consumer electronics, computer sofware, and personal computers. Apple provides the customer a wide range of product that covers many field of technology. For instance, the most special invention of Apple is Apple Macintosh, they have many kinds of Mac with many different size and options of configuration. Moreover, IPod was known as the first mp3 player of the world. It is not only the mp3 player but also the symbol of music fashion. Until now, IPod still affects gradually to market of mp3 players. In addition, in the last five years, Apple has created new-brand market for smartphone with their special product – IPHONE. From IPhone 2G, 3G, 3Gs, 4G, 4Gs to 5G, IPhone always make a big wave to the technology world. That proves products of Apple always have strong range to the technological market. What is more, another invention of Apple that also makes a new move of technology is IPAD. It leads for a new century of tablet. Now IPad may be known as the best tablet in many customers’ s mind. Beside that, Apple gives their customer many other products such as iTunes, accessories, and service. Second, price also is important part of marketing mix strategy. The price of all products of Apple is now low compared to their competitor’s product’s price but there is a reason for this issue. Apple is the premium brand that does not compete on price. They may dominate the market even though their price may be quite high in some countries. Generally, Apple is proud that their products is union between technology and liberal arts so they not just sell products, they sell art. IPhone, Ipad, and IPod also are symbol of fashion. In conclusion, the price of Apple’s product is made for their customer’s value. The next is place. Apple’s headquater is located at Infinite Loop, Curpetino, California. They have over 200 retails around the world. Major cities have at least three big stores, more important, the customer not only purchase products but only can test them, receive supported imformation, and they may not buy products if they do not want. This is the key of success of Apple to satisfy their customer. Finally, promotion create difference of Apple’s marketing mix strategy. Apple just use launching new product to promote their products with their great ability of presentation of Apple CEO – Steve Jobs. Moreover, Apple does not join CES exhibition or any advertising. In addition, Apple made a big unchangeable symbol in customer, therefore, the customer always compare their product to their competitors’s prodcuts. It is indirect to promote for Apple. Beside that, the online Apple store offers free ship for the orders over $50, iTunes gift card, and special discount for refunished products. In conclusion, marketing mix strategy creates the brand of Apple. There is a wide range of product such as Iphone, Ipad, Ipod, and Mac with suiable price for their prenium brand. They have big network of great retail and unique promotion. Reference: www.wikipedia.com www.marketingteacher.com

Watson and the Shark Painting Analysis

Watson and the Shark Painting Analysis John Singleton Copley (1738 1815), was an American painter born in Boston, Massachusetts. From the time Copley began to paint at the age of fifteen, many people throughout Massachusetts admired his paintings; also, people from other colonial cities recognized his portrait paintings. A big inspiration and benefit to him was his stepfather, Peter Pelham, a successful English engraver, painter, and teacher[1]. At the age of twenty-one Copley left Boston to travel around Europe to learn more about the art of painting. First, he went to London where he met Benjamin West, a respected painter around Europe and an established painter in the Royal Academy. While in London, he learned different techniques from West. These techniques seemed common in London, but were unknown in America. Copley wrote in a letter back home to his stepfather telling him about a simple technique he had learned â€Å"†¦Before painting, make drawings.†[2] From there Copley moved on to Paris where his confidence grew even more as he saw firsthand paintings from the best known painters in Europe at the time. As he got the chance to see works from his two favorite artists, Poussin and Rubens, Copley started sketching every time he saw something he thought was a beautiful form.3] When he arrived in Rome, Copley would rise early in the morning and sketch reliefs and antique statues at the French Academy. Although confident about his abilities to sketch and paint, he worked humbly on all the details of his painting projects. At the end of his stay in Rome, Copley faced a hard decision; return to America, the country he was born in and loved, or move to London where his art career would flourish. At this time, the American Revolution had started and he feared for the wellbeing of his family back in Boston. Although the fear for his family was strong, Copley decided that moving to London would be the only place where he could sell his historical paintings, for which he had been working on tirelessly around Europe. While he was trying to make this hard decision, his family was already on a ship to London unbeknownst to him.[4] This painting is the story of Brook Watson, which took place in Havana harbor, Cuba around 1749 when he was only fourteen years old. Watson, an orphan was working as a crewmember on a trading ship. While he was swimming alone out in the harbor early in the morning, a shark attacked him. His shipmates ran to his rescue, but not before the shark attacked him at least two times. According to tales, Watson and Copley met while they were traveling from Boston to England in 1774. However, history says that Watson never traveled that year. Copley must have heard the story and its details from Londoners who might have been Watsons political followers.[5] Watson and the Shark is a large oil painting on canvas measuring 183.51 x 229.55 cm (fig. 1). Copley decided to depict the dramatic scene where Watson was about to be attacked for the third time by a shark. This painting is a work during Copleys English period; it was such a great success from the beginning that it was put on display at the Royal Academy in 1778. Watson, who is naked in this painting and the shark attacking him are in the foreground (fig. 1). The shark has already devoured Watsons right leg, as we can see from figure 1 Watsons right leg is missing from the knee down. The shark is turning toward Watson, with its mouth wide-open and sharp teeth suggests that he is not satisfied, and is returning to finish what he has started.[6] Besides Watson, in a small boat, two of his shipmates are reaching to grab him and pull him on the boat. One of them is trying to fight off the shark by plunging a harpoon at the monster from the bow of the boat. A rope thrown at him is dangling useless in the water. This painting has captured a moment of fear and sadness in the faces and eyes of every man on that boat. The quiet waters of the harbor serve Copley in the composition of the painting to bring the viewers attention to the action. Copleys placements of elements in the painting allow the viewer to trace the action. The boat is coming from the harbor toward the shark. The movement of the shark that is taking a turn and a part of his body is outside the painting. We can clearly follow the movement of the harpoon that the sailor is plunging toward the shark. In addition, the movement of the men toward the boy makes the scene even more tragic. (Fig. 1). Watson and the Shark, even though off center, are the focal points in this painting. The artist has successfully made this a tragic scene, by making Watson appear as he is frozen in the moment, portraying him exactly the way he was in those moments struggling for his life. The shark with his mouth wide open and his sharp teeth painted in detail make the scene even more dramatic to the viewer. The artist has portrayed Watson naked in the water helpless on his back, which shows him as very vulnerable. His has a freighted look in his face, with his mouth and eyes wide open looking directly at the shark, which seems to represent the evil predator, and one hand up as if he is reaching for help from the heavens. The artist has painted the sun rising in contrast with the situation, but has also put the light on Watson the shark and the crewmembers trying to get him out of there. The predominant color is sea green with some brighter colors in the background. These somber colors contribute in depicting these tragic moments in this scene. Sadness is all over the faces of men in the boat. The composition is centered at the man in the middle of the boat. All around him there is action. Lines seem to be less important than shapes for the artist in this painting. The artist has been very careful in painting the men on the boat and depicting their actions, so that the story and individual actions of each man in this scene would be very clear to understand to the viewer. However, the most details have gone to portray the situation in which Watson is in, and to show his vulnerability. While most reviews around this painting describe it as a painting that is describing a historical event, Irma Jaffe mentions in her journal, John Singleton Copleys ‘Watson and the Shark,† that people have missed one very important aspect of Copleys life; his religious life. As Jaffe points out, Copley was a very religious man, he went to church every Sunday and religion had played an important role in Copleys view of himself as well as an artist. She says that this painting is about â€Å"resurrection and salvation†[7] In her journal, she takes on the symbolism of the shark as a monster as described in the Bible and the symbolism of water as a life-giver and a trial in the Bible. Jaffe then analyzes all the other elements. It is noticeable that Copley has taken poses from earlier sculptures and put them in his painting. He has taken them and put them in different positions to accomplish his final painting. Copley made the effort to paint every detail. The shark has very detailed features; his teeth and eyes were painted in detail to show the true nature of this evil creature. Watsons hair, his eyes, and his facial expression were painted in detail. Copley really wanted the viewer to get involved in the tragic story that had happened to his patron, Brook Watson. [1] Rebora, Carrie.John Singleton Copley in America. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1995. p. 79. [2] Plate, Robert.John Singleton Copley Americas First Great Artist. United States of America: David McKay Company, Inc., 1969. p. 100. [3] Plate, Robert.John Singleton Copley Americas First Great Artist. United State of America: David McKay Company, Inc., 1969. p. 101. [4] Plate, p. 105-109 [5] Jeffery, Margaret. A Painting of Copleys English Period.Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New Series1.4 (1942): 148. Web. 03 Mar 2010. [6] Jeffery, p. 148 [7] Jaffe, Irma B. John Singleton Copleys Watson and the Shark.American Art Journal9.1 (1977): 15-25. Web. 03 Mar 2010.

Application of Systems Theory in Social Work

Application of Systems Theory in Social Work Systems in Practice Introduction The United Kingdom Children Act 1989 (HMSO, 1989) sets forth all childcare law as such relates to children that are being accommodated by a Local Authority. At the core of the Children Act are the beliefs that children are served best when they are in their own homes (Devon County Council, 2007a). Additionally, the core beliefs of the Act are that the child’s welfare is of the utmost importance, that the child’s parents should stay involved in any and all legal proceedings concerning them, and that such a course of action be avoided if possible (Devon County Council, 2007a). It, the Act, also holds that child welfare is to be promoted, and that children should stay within their families unless unavoidable (Devon County Council, 2007a). Lastly the needs of the child taking into account factors such as race, religion, culture as well as language represent critical facets. In those instances when a child comes under the care of a local authority, it is the responsibility o f the local authority to see to the needs of children in these instances (Devon County Council, 2007b). The foregoing represents important background considerations with regard to the foster care, and the principles underlying such. These basics represent the foundations of any fostering care, placement, and related applications. This examination shall review a case study on social work placement to delve into the manner in which the application of theory, and ideas as they relate to group work on social work practice. Hammond (2003, p. xi) indicates that the â€Å"concept of systems is a theoretical framework in the physical sciences, the life sciences, and the social sciences†. The systems theory is generally acknowledged to have begun with four people, â€Å"Bertalanffy, Boulding, Gerard, and Rapoport, who met in 1954 at the Stanford Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences† (Hammond, 2003, p. xiii). They founded the Society for General Systems Research, which has since become the International Society for the Systems Sciences (International Society for the Systems Sciences , 2007). The systems theory is â€Å" the transdisciplinary study of the abstract organization of phenomena†, in a context that is â€Å"independent of their substance, type, or spatial or temporal scale of existence† (Principia Cybernetica Web, 2007). The systems theory â€Å"investigates both the principles common to all complex entities† as well as â€Å"models which can be u sed to describe them† (Principia Cybernetica Web, 2007). In the context of social work, the systems theory, in its broadest sense, represents the interdisciplinary study concerning human life, along with social organization as represented by systems (Principia Cybernetica Web, 2007). The complexity, yet simiplicity of what the systems theory is, is represented by the following explanantion by Hammond (2003. p. 32) â€Å"Although developments in engineering and management fields are highlighted in the technocratic approach to systems, the emergence of organismic conceptions in biology, psychology, and sociology during the early twentieth century was more important for the evolution of general systems thought†. She continues â€Å" Of course, biological concepts were interpreted in varying ways within different currents of systems thought, and were often appropriated to reinforce and legitimize managerial applications of systems concepts† (Hammond, 2003, p. 32). Ludwig von Beralanffy (1968, p. xxiii), provides his description of systems theory as â€Å"The humanistic concern of general system theory as I understand it makes a difference to mechanistically oriented system theorists speaking solely in terms of mathematics, feedback and technology, and so giving rise to the fear that system theory is indeed the ultimate step towards mechanization and devaluation of man and towards technocratic society†. The concept, while rather complex, does have a sense of simpliticity in that systems theory â€Å"really refers to â€Å"a way of thinking about† or â€Å"an approach to studying† complex systems† (Hammond, 2003. p. 104). Harris (2002, p. 2) advises that von Beralanffy’s approach was â€Å"a more organismic approach to the study of complex systems, objecting to the narrow reductionism of classical science†. The systems theory, in terms of humans and the social sciences, as expressed by Harris (2002, p. 10) has â€Å"something to offer in the articulation and implementation of a more sustaining and sustainable vision of humanitys future.† In terms of social work, Harris (2002, p. 4) states, â€Å"Within this framework, the welfare state has provided the primary vehicle for the mediation of social work†. Harris (2002, p. 4) continues, â€Å"The institutional and organisational processes of the welfare state have been the source of social work’s legal and moral authority and have constituted the material conditions for its practice.† Pinderhughes (1997, p. 20) tells us that â€Å"Training practitioners for competence with diverse populations is high on the list of corrective initiatives to address †¦ inadequacies† in social work practice†. Harris (2002, p. 4) indicates that social policy is influenced by social workers who â€Å"implement legislation on behalf of the state†, thus exercising considerable influence in their roles as professionals. Importantly, Harris (2002, p. 4) points out â€Å"The law sets out the rights, duties and responsibilities of social workers, on t he one hand, and of service users, on the other, in those socially problematic areas which have been accorded official recognition. The law not only defines the ends of social work, but constitutes the source of social workers’ authority for the means by which they intervene in service users’ lives in the pursuit of statutory duties†. Johnson (1972, p. 77) interprets the preceding by stating that social work is not mediated by its context, rather, it is a mediated professions whereby the state decides the clientele as well as what should be provided on their behalf. Harris (1999, pp. 915-937) tells us that social work represents the â€Å"operational embodiment of the welfare state’s intervention in individual citizens’ lives†. In understanding the context of social work in the United Kingdom, Briggs (1961, p. 228) defines the welfare state a â€Å"state in which organised power is deliberately used†¦to modify the play of market forces†¦first, by guaranteeing individuals and families a minimum income irrespective of the market value of their work or their property; second, by narrowing the extent of insecurity by enabling individuals and families to meet certain ‘ social contingencies’, for example, sickness, old age and unemployment which lead otherwise to individual and family crises; and third, by ensuring that all citizens without distinction of status or class are offered the best standard available in relation to a certain agreed range of social services†. The preceding is important in und erstanding the forces behind social work and how such impacts upon its application, usage and context on lives, as well as the conscious and unconscious view that the public has. In helping to shape this picture further, Marshall’s (1963, p. 74) helps to color the palette further in explaining that the social element means â€Å"the whole range from the right to a modicum of economic welfare and security to the right to share to the full in the social heritage and to live the life of a civilised being according to the standards prevailing in the society† He continues that â€Å"The institutions most closely connected with it are the educational system and the social services† (Marshall, 1963, p. 74) In fact, social work plays an important part in linking the state to its populace as it represents the physical human link between government and what it does for the people that can be seen, felt and touched. Or in other words, used! State functions such as roads, infrastructure, sustainable communities, parks, airports, laws, police, and all of the others services that the state provides are there in a physical sense, such as roads, etc, or there for instances of danger, such as the police and armed forces. Social work is a helping, touchy arm of the state that reaches us in the same manner as health services. Wootton (1959, p. 298-299) offers a description in stating that â€Å"The social worker who does for the run of ordinary people what confidential secretaries and assistants do for the favoured few is putting a genuine professional skill at the disposal of those who may properly be called her clients and she is as essential to the functioning of a welfare state as is lubrication to the running of an engine. Without her the machinery would seize up†. Marshall (1975, p. 205) illustrates the preceding by referring to social workers as the mechanics that apply â€Å"their expertise to the lubrication of the welfare state engine were professionals using their expertise in the delivery of social services†. The government, along with social work identify the segment of the population that requires assistance and thus through budgeting and policy, allocates the resources to meet those needs (Alaszewski and Manthorpe, 1990, p. 237). Interestingly, as the areas of accepted social work practice have come to be seen as the norm, and injustice was made less tolerable, historically, new services were thus clamoured for to feel other needs thus explaining the growing nature of the state and social care (Harris, 2002, p. 13) Gertrude Wilson is generally acknowledged as being a key individual in the development of group work (Smith, 2004). Her first book â€Å"Case Work and Group Work† put forth the integrated approach to social work practice which is based in the theory that personal problems stem from both internal and external sources, and thus must be investigated and examined in tandem (Smith, 2004). Her definition of group work states that 1) it is developmental, in that it provides â€Å"for normal social growth, 2) is â€Å"protective or corrective, representing that it can â€Å"be offered to people without groups†, 3) and that it is â€Å"instrumental† in terms of â€Å"achieving socially desirable ends† (Smith, 2004). The last facet entails the understanding of each member’s personalities, the influence of the social worker in terms of their interaction on the group, and the process of participation (Smith, 2004). A key facet of this process represents the c apability to â€Å"assist participants in dealing with conflict and in accepting ‘outsiders’† (McDermott, 2002, p. 14). She points to the preceding as essential in making the group work relationship become reciprocal (McDermott, 2002, p. 14). It is reciprocity that represents a key element in the process as it sets the foundation for give and take as well as fosters trust, cohesion within the group and this can thus be transferred to the outside world (McDermott, 2002, p. 14). Trecker (1948, p. 7) advises, â€Å"social group work represents â€Å"one method on the profession of social work†. He indicates that â€Å"social case work and community organization work† represent the other methods†. Trecker (1948, p. 7) believes that a definition of social group work is easier to describe than define. He sees it as a method that is comprised of â€Å"an orderly, systematic, planned way of working with people in groups† (Trecker, 1948 pp. 7-8). Trecker goes on to add that the â€Å"method is a conscious procedure, a designed means of achieving a goal† (1948, pp. 8). Additionally, he adds that it is â€Å"a method is a way of doing something, but underneath the doing we always discover an integrated arrangement of knowledge, understanding and principles.† (Trecker, 1948 pp. 8). Important to the understanding of group work in the context of social work placement is the family. Hartman and Laird (1983, p. 4) help to provide perspective in stating, â€Å"Human beings can be understood and helped only in the context of the intimate and powerful human systems of which they are a part, of which the family is one of the most important†. Smith (1995, p. 7) elaborates in stating, â€Å"there is no single, correct definition of family†¦. Rather, there are multiple definitions derived from particular theoretical perspectives.† She adds, â€Å"No one theory could satisfactorily represent the truth, but the many ways we look at families can help us to better understand them† (Smith, 1995, p. 7). Lastly, we shall take a look at Hartman and Laird (1983, p. 30), who tell us: â€Å"A family becomes a family when two or more individuals have decided they are a family, that in the intimate, here-and-now environment in which they gather, there is a sharing of emotional needs for closeness, of living space which is deemed â€Å"home,† and of those roles and tasks necessary for meeting the biological, social and psychological requirements of the individuals involved.† The preceding has been included to aid in rounding out the important external as well as internal elements that are factors in a case study concerning social work placement. A Study One of the most important, delicate, and critical functions carried on by social work is the placement of children in foster homes. As can be imagined, it represents an important as well as confidential process for the child as well as the placement team engaged in the process. Owing to that confidentiality, direct case files are not available, only synopsis of placement studies entailing the methodologies employed. Placement stories entail descriptions of external variables as indicated by basic placement overviews, but not the substance. The Bracknell Forest Borough Council (2005) provided an equitable resource in that it provides an outline of the procedures, and practice guidelines concerning foster placement arrangements made under private fostering regulations. Under the new regulations governing the placement of children, local authorities must be satisfied concerning the suitable nature of any proposed arrangement (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). If the foregoing is not the case, then said local authority must exercise its powers ether prohibit and or impose requirements prior to the child being fostered, along with any and all needed safeguards. In understanding the nuances of social work placement, certain descriptions and definitions of a few terms will aid in the understanding of the process. A privately fostered child represents any child under the age of 16 years of age, 18 if disabled, that is â€Å"cared for and accommodated for 28 consecutive days† or longer by someone other that the child’s parent, relative or someone provided with parental responsibility as provided by the parent for said instance (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). The carers responsibility entails an individual â€Å"who does not have parental responsibility for a particular child†, however does have care of the child (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). The definition indicates that the carer â€Å"may do what is reasonable† in terms of any, and all circumstances to safeguard, and or promote the welfare of that child (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). In terms of the duties of the local authority, wh ich represents an extremely important facet in the placement of a child, said local authority has a number of important duties to fulfill. These entail factors such as 1) publise advise and information, 2) ensure compliance with regulations, 3) carry out proper checks and visits, 4) ensure children under care is safeguarded in accordance to regulations, 5) ensure timely officer visits, 6) ensure visited children are seen alone and interviewed, 7) investigate al complaints, 8) inform parents or other authorized individuals of the child’s welfare, 9) ensure authority satisfaction with foster placement, 10) monitor compliance, 11) take appropriate action(s), 12) annual evaluations sent to Director of Children’s Services on placements and outcomes (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). The family placement social worker has the following responsibilities. First, they conduct the initial suitability evaluation of the proposed foster carers as well as all other household members (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). Next, the social work conducts an evaluation of the accommodations, and neighbourhood environment, and forms a close liaison with the social worker of the child concerning placement suitability and the potential of the placement in meeting the needs of the child as well as the likelihood of furthering the child’s welfare (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). With the preceding handled, the social worker then makes recommendations concerning the suitability of a meeting with all parties (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). If the foregoing steps have all concluded positively, the social worker’s ongoing responsibilities thus entail providing support, as well as assistance to the carer and others as appropriate and or necessary (B racknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). The preceding board steps represent the outline of the procedures in child placement. In a actual case, the steps as well as details are more defined. In an actual placement, the fieldwork staff conducts contacts with the parent, if such is the case, and the proposed foster carers (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). After all the relevant steps under the preceding have been seen to, the assessment is forwarded to the placement social worker, provided the foregoing has met requirements, and the placement process begins. The summary placement outline above brought into the equation the concept of social work from its broader perspective as brought forth by Harris (2002, p. 4) where he indicates that social policy is influenced by social workers who â€Å"implement legislation on behalf of the state†, thus exercising considerable influence in their roles as professionals†. The statement continues with â€Å"The law sets out the rights, duties and responsibilities of social workers, on the one hand, and of service users, on the other, in those socially problematic areas which have been accorded official recognition† (Harris, 2002, p.4). The preceding refers to the rules, procedures and requirements that must be adhered to by the placement agency, social workers and all other involved in the process. The aspect of group work is evident throughout the entire process, even before it begins. The local authority, placement agency, field workers, placement social worker, and child social worker all are engaged under the same regulated procedural network, even if no cases, and or placements are being handled. The regulations call for consistent, and constant monitoring of outstanding placement, thus requiring and causing the varied teams, and individuals to maintain contact. That ongoing working relationship represents the group work theory in practice and application. Trecker (1948, p. 7) described group work as â€Å"an orderly, systematic, planned way of working with people in groups†. To the preceding Trecker (1948, p. 8) added the â€Å"method is a conscious procedure, a designed means of achieving a goal†. McDermoot (2002, p. 3) adds to the foregoing in stating â€Å"Social workers, psychologists, community workers, youth workers and other service providers in the human services field spend much of their time working with groups—as staff members, as colleagues—using groups as intervention strategies†. The initial contact stage starts this collative group work process in the placement environment. The family placement social worker meets with the field social worker and discusses the proposed placement, obtaining a copy of the reports (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). The trust and competence issues are strong in that each step in the process relies heavily on the steps that preceded it. As a result, the systems theory represents the underpinning that binds the entire process. It also represents the underlying framework that constitutes how the rules, regulations and processes were devised and set up, as well as their ongoing modification as information, expertise and experience warrants. To review, the systems theory â€Å"investigates both the principles common to all complex entities† as well as â€Å" models which can be used to describe them† (Principia Cybernetica Web, 2007). Ludwig von Beralanffy explains that an important element of the systems theory â€Å"really refers to â€Å"a way of thinking about† (Hammond, 2003. p. 104). The systems theory’s interdisciplinary study concerning human life, along with social organization as represented by systems (Principia Cybernetica Web, 2007) represents the underpinning via which the described rules, procedures, regulations, follow up, monitoring, interview, research, and evaluation processes take place. The intial contacts as well as checks conducted by the placement social worker include interdepartmental checks on the proposed carer as well as information gleaned in the initial and follow up meetings and interviews (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). All of these steps as well as the ones that follow are elements of the systems theory, foundations of social work and group theory. If one steps back from the process and reviews the overall steps again, the relevance of the systems theory begins to take shape. It, the systems theory is â€Å" the transdisciplinary study of the abstract organization of phenomena†, in a context that is â€Å"independent of their substance, type, or spatial or temporal scale of existence† (Principia Cybernetica Web, 2007). The steps in the active procedure do take place in a temporal time frame. However, the functioning of the system of rules, regulations and procedures is always active, functioning and waiting to be utilized whether there is something engaging it or not. In this context, the foregoing precepts underpinning the systems theory gains clarity. McDermott (2002, p. 14) aids in bringing the group work concept into the preceding placement situation in her discussion of reciprocity. She states that it is reciprocity that represents a key element in the process as it sets the foundation for give and take as well as fosters trust, and cohesion within the group and this can thus be transferred to the outside world (McDermott, 2002, p. 14). The foregoing aptly describes the internal working mechanism of the group which at the investigation stage centers upon the placement social worker, and later pulls in the child’s social worker to complete the process. This continues with the evaluation of suitability concerning the carers as well as other family and household members. Through the utilization of the systems theory, all contingencies are evaluated and considered as a part of the whole, and extended whole. In reviewing the process in terms of the lessons learned, and potential for different application(s) in the future, is a prospect of evolution. Regardless of how correctly the system seems from the review of the procedural steps, there is always room for improvement as a result of the human factor, group work, systems theory and social work contexts. The potential for human error looms as the biggest failing point in that the entire procedural methodology is based, dependent and reliant upon human input, decisions, evaluation and observations. The central component in the process the placement social worker who makes the final determination based upon the salient inputs from all other quarters. And while it is true that the field work social worker as well as the child social worker could potential taint the input and results, it is the placement social worker that sorts and arrives at the determination. Thus, as the potential weak segment within the process, a phased step review whe reby a second placement social worker, or supervisor briefed at every turn, periodically steps in at any stage in the live process and makes observations, suggestions, and or calls for additional information to shore up the potential for error, and or critical factors needing closer attention, and or review. In addition, computer modeling of the effectiveness of the group members as an evaluation projection, would serve to alert the supervisory personnel to the potential for weak points in one of the tam member profile as a signal for either an additional check, and or review. Conclusion The seemingly distant facets of systems theory, group work, and social work as a cohesive aspect of placement requires the long view in order to see the fit of these elements up close. At the heart of these theoretical and practical applications is a child, which is and remains the focus of these aspects. Thus, with the well being and welfare of a vulnerable human being at stake, the processes, systems, regulations, rules and procedures can never be too precise, careful or correct, as the cost of error is incalculable. McDermott (2002, p. 1) says, â€Å"You have to have done a bit (of group work) yourself to understand the process.† In terms of the context of this examination, McDermoot (2002, p. 3) advises that â€Å"Social workers, psychologists, community workers, youth workers and other service providers in the human services field spend much of their time working with groups—as staff members, as colleagues—using groups as intervention strategies†. She adds, â€Å"group work is about building bonds between people which depend on the establishment of trusting relationships† (McDermott, 2002, p. 14). She further elaborates, â€Å"It is also about helping to forge connections between people who may be different or unlike one another. This latter activity—finding common ground across differences—is the more difficult, and it is here that group workers and participants require knowledge and skills† (McDermott, 2002, p. 14). The foregoing summarizes the interlinked aspects of the process that call for increased cohesion as well as improvement through modification, interpersonal relationships and skills, as well as understanding that the potential for error always exists, and can hide itself anywhere in the process. With that consideration uppermost in the minds of the participants, the occurrence is less likely to happen. Bibliography Alaszewski, A. and Manthorpe, J. (1990) Literature review: the New Right and the professions. Vol. 20. British Journal of Social Work Bracknell Forest Borough Council (2005) Private Fostering: Policy, Procedures Practice Guidance. Retrieved on 13 May 2007 from http://www.bracknell-forest.gov.uk/ Briggs, A. (1961) The welfare state in historical perspective. Vol. 2. No. 2. European Journal of Sociology Devon County Council (2007a) The Children Act 1989. Retrieved on 12 May 2007 from http://www.devon.gov.uk/index/cyps/fostering/foster_carer-2/foster-care-handbook/fos-law-relat-to-child/fos-law-relat-to-child2.htm Devon County Council (2007b) The Local Authority Fostering Service. Retrieved on 12 May 2007 from http://www.devon.gov.uk/index/cyps/fostering/foster_carer-2/foster-care-handbook/fostering-service.htm Hammond, D. (2003) The Science of Synthesis: Exploring the Social Implications of General Systems Theory. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, Co., United States Harris, J. (1999) State social work and social citizenship. Vol. 5. British Journal of Social Work, Harris, J. (2002) The Social Work Business. Routledge, Boulder, Co., United States Hartman, A., Laird, J. (1983) Family-Centered Social Work Practice. Free Press, New York, United States HMSO (1989) Children Act 1989. Retrieved on 12 May 2007 from http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1989/Ukpga_19890041_en_1.htm International Society for the Systems Sciences (2007) Home Page. Retrieved on 13 May 2007 from http://www.isss.org/ Johnson, T.J. (1972) Professions and Power. London: Macmillan. Ludwig von Bertalanffy, (1952) General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications. George Braziller, New York, United States Marshall, T.H. (1963) Citizenship and social class. Heinemann, London, United Kingdom Marshall, T.H. (1975) Social Policy in the Twentieth Century. Hutchinson, London, United Kingdom McDermott, F. (2002) Inside Group Work: A Guide to Reflective Practice. Allen Unwin, Crows Nest, New South Wales Principia Cybernetica Web (2007) What is Systems Theory? Retrieved on 12 May 2007 from http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/SYSTHEOR.html Pinderhughes, E. (1997) Developing diversity competence in child welfare and permanency planning. In G. R. Anderson, A. S. Ryan, and B. R. Leashore. The Challenge of Permanency Planning in a Multicultural Society. Haworth, New York, United States Smith, S. (1995) Family theory and multicultural family studies. In Goldsby, B., Smith, S. Families in Multicultural Perspective. Guilford Press, New York, United States Smith, M. (2004) Gertrude Wilson and social group work. Retrieved on 12 May 2007 from http://www.infed.org/thinkers/wilson.htm Trecker, H. (1948) Social Group Work: Principles and Practices. Woman’s Press, New York, United States Wootton, B. (1959) Social Science and Social Pathology. Allen Unwin, London, United Kingdom

Avant Go vs Palm VII :: Essays Papers

Avant Go vs Palm VII There are many people trying to find the best solution for wireless web browsing. At this time there are two major competitors, AvantGo, which uses any standard Palm device with AvantGo Server software installed on the desktop, and AvantGo Client, and Mobile Application Link software installed on the Palm. Then there is the Palm VII device that uses a wireless modem and a connection to a specialized ISP called Palm.net. While using a Palm device with or without a modem, it is possible to access web content. If you have a wireless modem it is possible to dial a traditional ISP and connect to the Internet the same way you would at home with your desktop. The drawback to this method is the fact that a handheld does not have the power to display Web pages as they were designed. A better way of using a handheld to connect to the Internet is with the same wireless modem, but connect to AvantGo to view content. AvantGo’s client depends on a network application called Mobile Application Link, which allows data to be transferred between the client and the server. When a request is sent to the server, the server then goes out to the Internet and retrieves the requested data. Next, you as the user may define personal settings on each page you request, including the link depth or how many links you want to follow on this resource. However, if you try to refresh or follow a link past its specified link depth then you must re-sync with the network. In the future it may be possible to have an entire workforce connected through their handheld. The fact that when using a wireless modem the sync is immediate, therefore, everyone will have the most up to the minute data anywhere in the world. AvantGo Servers use standard HTML code to display the Web pages on a handheld. Any existing page on the Internet could be turned into an AvantGo mobile Web application without any specialized development tools. Some pages look better than others when viewed on a handheld because most of the pages on the Internet have not been optimized for viewing on such a small screen (only 150 x 150). The Palm VII does things only slightly different. The Palm VII is a completely self contained, all that is needed to connect to the Internet is the raising of the antenna.

Religious Symbols in Society: Church vs. State Essay -- Religion

In our daily lives, without even recognizing it, there are religious symbols present all around us. If we are carrying money, â€Å"In God We Trust† is a religious symbol that is present on our currency. If we happen to say the pledge of allegiance we are saying â€Å"one nation under God† which alludes to God and the Catholic religion. Around the holidays, there are Christmas decorations present everywhere, which are religious symbols of the Catholic faith. None of these things seem bad or harmful to anyone in any way. They are not harming anyone. Are they? Well, they are not harming anyone directly, but have impacted people because it is through the presence of these symbols that neglects all other religions and is feeding into the issue of the ongoing church versus state argument for separation. Religious symbols are aspects of all different religions that strengthen faith, promote certain beliefs, and represent the fundamentals of that specific religion. According to Furst’s article on the use of physical religious symbols, â€Å"As beings that are both body and spirit, humans use symbols in order to perceive and to grasp realities that are not empirical. As social beings, humans use symbols to communicate with others,† (p 2). But, there are many issues that arise when these symbols are involved and existing in the media, the state, our government, and the public. Mainly this is because symbols are truly powerful and represent controversies that come along with different religions. Furst also states that, â€Å"symbols play a powerful role in the transmission of the culture of human society,† (p 2). If religious symbols transmit culture into society, then people in our society are going to pay very close attention to what symbols are present... ... Case may Determine Direction of Church-State Law." Church & State 62.10 (2009): 220-2. Web. Boston, Rob. "Prayers, Preaching & Public Schools: Religious Right Activists use Wide Variety of Tactics to Evangelize in the Classroom." Church & State 62.10 (2009): 223-6. Web. Furst, Lyndon G., and Stephen J. Denig. "The use of Physical Symbols to Transmit Culture in Religious Schools: A Comparison of Adventist and Catholic Schools in America." Journal of Empirical Theology 18.1 (2005): 1-21. Web. Stevenson, Dwight Eshelman. "Religious Symbols and Religious Communication." Lexington Theological Quarterly 1.3 (1966): 69-79. Web. "Wandering in the Desert: Justice Scalia's Dangerous Plan to Secularize the Cross." Church & State 62.10 (2009): 230-318. Web. Zenit. "Christmas Symbols Not Welcome in Many U.S. Classrooms " National Catholic Register 77.51 (2001) Print.

Billy Budd Sailor Essay

Billy Budd, Sailor, a novel by Herman Melville, at first sight, seems like it is nothing else but the story of a sailor who is executed after being wrongly accused of mutiny. But when one examines the story deeply one finds that the story has a different meaning and that Billy Budd resembles Christ in many ways. Billy Budd as a Christ figure According to the author’s description, Billy Budd, the main protagonist, like Christ was handsome, pure and as innocent as a child in a world full of evil men. He had the same physical features of Christ. Like Christ, he had blue eyes and a symmetrical figure. The resemblance is evident in the first chapter when Captain Graveling, after the crew stopped fighting as soon as Billy joined them, says that Billy neither preached nor said anything to the crew. There was a kind of virtuousness in him that reached out to people. (Melville, 1924) The author here alludes to Christ who was also virtuous and healed all those who came into contact with him. The symbolism is more evident in the end chapters, especially in the scenes of the death of Billy Budd. For instance, Captain Vere cries, â€Å"Struck dead by an angel of God! † (Melville, 1924) after Billy strikes Claggart, and then says, â€Å"Yet the angel must hang†, (Melville, 1924) when he realizes that Billy has to die. Billy, before he dies, says, â€Å"God bless Captain Vere†. (Melville, 1924) All this reminds us of Christ. Christ like Billy in the novel forgave all those who were responsible for his death. The resemblance is all the more evident in the last chapter when Billy is executed. Here the author describes how Billy’s shipmates worship the gallows from which Billy was hung. Christ’s followers too worshipped the Cross. The setting and all the events that take place have a striking resemblance to the events that took place when Christ was executed. In conclusion it can be said that Billy Budd in the novel is not an ordinary sailor but a Christ-like figure, a symbol of Christ with characteristics of Christ. Just as Christ was a victim of an antagonistic society and had to sacrifice his life, Billy Budd too was an innocent victim of society and had to sacrifice his life. References Melville, Herman (1924), Billy Budd, Sailor, The University of Chicago Press, 1962.

Compare and Contrast Buddhism and Christianity Essay

People have believed many different things among the history. Some ancient people believed the sun, fire, evil, god or gods, sculptures †¦ etc. And some of them not needed to believe in such things. The main reason they believe such that things is their weaknesses under the nature. They cannot understand the natural events and they think there must be a honorable power that controls the nature and the universe. These led people to believe in religions. There were many religions people believed in the history. Two of these are christianity and buddhism. They have different and similar features in them. We can compare and contrast them in different categories. Buddhism and Christianity are two of the world’s greatest and most influential religions. The Christian religion, like all other religions has its strengths and weaknesses in our modern society. Perhaps the strengths out weight the weaknesses as this is one of the largest religions in the world. Hundreds of people follow the Catholic/Christian religion yet still a greater number follow yet other religions. Perhaps this is because they see the weaknesses or perhaps it is simply because their parents have taught them that it is a sin to follow this religion. We define as â€Å"Christian† any person or group who thoughtfully, sincerely, prayerfully regard themselves as Christian. This is the definition that pollsters use. However, it includes the full range of faith groups who consider themselves to be Christians, including Assemblies of God members, Presbyterians, Roman Catholics, Southern Baptists, United Church members, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Mormons, etc. Many Christians have a much less inclusive definition of the term â€Å"Christian.† Buddhism is an offspring of Hinduism, and it is similar in many ways to Hinduism. It began in India in about the 6th century B.C. and from there it spread throughout Asia. Today it is found mainly in Japan, China, and the Far East. Very few people in India itself are Buddhists today. The system was begun by Gautama Buddha. He was born about 563 B.C. and raised in a very wealthy family where he was protected from problems and suffering. Later he was exposed to suffering and became concerned with the cause of it. At age 29 he left his wife and son to seek a solution.He tried and rejected both Hinduism and extreme self-deprival (asceticism). After 6 years of seeking, he arrived at the system that became Buddhism. He established an order of monks and one of nuns devoted to his plan of  overcoming suffering, then he spent the rest of his life as a wandering religious teacher. Buddhists do not share most of the core beliefs of historical Christianity. Buddhism does not completely reject the Hinduism Gods, it does not see them necessary. At the same time, Christianity has its one and only God, who comes in three faces, The Father, The Son and The Holy Spirit. The Christian founder, Jesus Christ was the Son of The Father, God, while the founder of Buddhism, Siddhartha Gautama was a normal human being, who achieved enlightenment through meditation and later on was referred to as The Buddha. This brings us to the second major difference, the existence of the supernatural. Buddhism, Christianity and all of the other major world religions share a basic rule of behavior which governs how they are to treat others. Both of these religions are mostly accepted by people who are under pressure of the strong people. Buddhism worships either no god or else false gods. It teaches that man must save himself over a period of many lives by human effort.The gospel provides the only true way to worship the only true God. It provides a way for man to be forgiven by the death of the Son of God who paid the penalty for our sins. To receive the benefit, we must trust Jesus and obey Him in this life. Then we have the hope of eternal life.

Experiments in Art and Technology Essay

â€Å"The new interface I will define is one in which the artist makes active use of the inventiveness and skills of an engineer to achieve his purpose. The artist could not complete his intentions without the help of an engineer. The artist incorporates the work of the engineer in the painting or the sculpture or the performance. † what a perfect synergy! Introduction ‘Experiments in Art and technology’ (E. A. T. ) is an aged non profit making and tax exempted organization instituted as far back as 1966 by renounced engineers and artists. The engineers included the persons of Billy Kluver and Fred Waldhauer, while the artists, the persons of Robert Rauschenberg and Robert Whitman. Experiments in Art and Technology was pioneered from the experience of a popular work titled – ‘9 Evenings: Theatre and Engineering’. The notable event was of the 69th ‘Regiment Armory in new York City, United State of America† (October 1966). About 40 engineers and 10 popular artists symbiotically worked together to put up an engineered and equally artistic performances. With the works of E. A. T. , artists and engineers’ relationships have received huge boost, thereby stimulating the willingness and participation of industries in artistic events. Companies’ cooperation through sponsorship is one of the achievements of E. A. T. There was fast expression of interest in the group over the space of time. Three years after the inauguration of Experiments in Art and Technology, the organization recorded over 4,200 memberships of diversified artists and engineers all around the United States of America, South America, Japan, Canada and every other interested industry all over the world. Through the process towards achieving the aim of E. A. T. , there was a local program within the group named the Technical Services Program. This program enhanced the effective collaboration of artists working hand-in-hand with engineers on a specific assignment/project. This was made possible by a deliberate effort at pinning suitable artists with appropriate engineers for synergic results. The program also assisted the collaborators in reaching out to industries and corporate-business communities in meeting the needs to accomplish outstanding project. Furthermore, E. A. T. commissioned inter-field projects and events which were anchored by artists involving the use of new technological woks. Some of the projects included the earlier mentioned ‘9 Evenings: Theatre and Engineering† in 1966’, ‘Some More Beginning in 1968’ – the later happened to mark the start of ‘exhibition of art and technology. The exhibition was held at a museum in Brooklyn. Included in the list of the project was the â€Å"artist-engineer collaborations to design and program the Pepsi Pavilion at Expo 70 in Osaka, Japan. † Picture showing First meeting of E. A. T. in November 1966 The Story of Experiments in Art and Technology When Andy Warhol was trying to create floating light bulbs, he asked Billy Kluver for his kind assistance. Kluver, who was an engineer working at Bell Laboratories in New Jersey, rejected the plea but instead promised to offer him a wrapper usually use to wrap sandwiches, the material is silvery. Warhol fashioned the material into a rectangular object called Mylar today. Injecting Helium into this Mylar created a floating funhouse mirrors in 1966. This example of collaboration between artists and scientists was a motivation to forming Experiments in Art and Technology (E. A. T. ). The artist-engineer collaboration in E. A. T. was formalized at the event of â€Å"9 Evenings; Theatre and Engineering†, (Oct. 1966, in New York). The program exposed audience to â€Å"state-of-the-art performances and music† from about 50 artists and engineers. Technology electrified things in an appreciable ways, e. g. â€Å"Dancers tripped light switches by moving their legs past photo-cells, and a tennis game was amplified through microphones in the rackets. The compliment received was overwhelming reflecting the need for engineers in artistic works. E. A. T. was then established in November, and by the early ’70s it had already absorbed networks of over 6,000 members. â€Å"Throughout the lifespan of E. A. T. , affiliated groups produced over 500 artworks; most common was the body-oriented performance or supercharged minimalist sculpture. One of the most memorable projects commissioned was the Pepsi Pavilion of Expo 1970 Osaka. There, over 60 artists and engineers contributed to the interactive exhibits inside the futuristic dome† The Pepsi Pavilion at Expo ’70 Osaka with Fujiko Nakaya’s mist shroud Aims and objectives of E. A. T. The non profit making organization was vibrant primarily within the two decades of its institution in 1966 by Billy Kluver, Fred waldhauer, Robert Rauschenberg and Robert Whitman. It was carved out of the need to ‘mobilize the ingredients of arts, industry and science around collective projects, calling the participation from different disciplines. E. A. T. also aimed at encouraging the technical harmony towards the realization of new means of expressing arts using modern technological equipment such as computer-made images, sounds, video, (audiovisual), manufacturing materials and robotics. To start with, ‘Experiments in Art and Technology’ brought artists and engineers together to enlighten the participants in order to accustom them with â€Å"tele-writing and satellite transmission using telecommunication technology†. In addition, E. A. T. aimed at giving the developing countries around an ease of Communication Bridge through certain project assignments. In pursuance of these goals, E. A. T. began opening annexes in the US, Canada and Japan. Other Projects Projects realized at the advent of interdisciplinary included: The Anand Project of 1969, this project aided educational television whereby public spaces were linked together to facilitate interactions irrespective of the distance apart. Through this, different countries all around the world can exchange disturbing questions even about a common uncertainty. For example, â€Å"Anand Dairy Cooperative in Baroda (India); Telex: Q&A (1971), which linked public spaces in New York (U. S. ), Ahmadabad (India), Tokyo (Japan) and Stockholm (Sweden) by telex† Still among the projects is the ‘Children and Communication in 1972’this particular project piloted the enabling of children within the suburb of New York City, to exchange conversation with telex, telephone and fax machine. Also, in El Salvador is a project to fashion out methods for storing culture and tradition in the region (1973). Collection of E. A. T. ’s Published Documents Detailing the activities of Experiments in Art and Technology in 1980; over 400 documents were stored in archive ranging from information bulletins, exhibition catalogues, periodicals, photocopies of press clippings, proposals, lectures, announcements newsletters reprints of major articles, among others. The archive was deposited at major libraries in New York, Moscow of Russia, Washington in U. S., Paris in France et cetera. The archive was aimed at monument the reflection of E. A. T. ’s wide geographical tentacle with technical and artistic diversity. Technical Service Program (1966-1973) Technical service program (TSP), founded as a subgroup in mid 60s, permits specialist in art and engineering to collaborate with the aim of meeting the artist’s technological needs without interruption in the team projected design and developmental stages. Highly technical projects were accomplished with this partnership. This collaboration was publicized when E. A. T. group came up with EAT News that announced projects at different stages of completion. Still, was the periodic public forum held on upcoming technologies such as ‘lasers and holography. ’ The TSP came to an end in 1973 Technical Information (1966) This program provided consulting services for artists. The service provisions included ‘technical libraries’ for artists in New York and telephone assistance line operated by engineers from E. A. T. offices. The library collection features documented activities of EAT from ‘60s to ‘80s. More on â€Å"9 Evenings: Theatre and Engineering† (1966-2005) These were series of events that catapulted performances of artists and engineers working in unison as an E. A. T. group. The performances broke down inter-relationship barrier. It went does: Billy kluver and Robert Rauschenberg requested the working relation of 30-man engineer at Bell Laboratories, seeking their involvement in an inter-disciplinary project where avant-garde theatre, dance and new technologies were blended together. The artists involved were John Cage, Lucinda Childs, Oyvind Fahlstrom, Alex Hay, Deborah Hay, Steve Paxton, Yvonne Rainer, Robert Rauschenberg, David Tudor and Robert Whitman. These artists were paired with engineers to produce technical components on the podium used by the participants. It was indeed a break through adventure in the field of Art and technology. Billy Kluver, farther of ‘Experiments in Art and technology’ Reference http://www. fondation-langlois. org/html/e/page. php? NumPage=306 The Man Who Made a Match of Technology and Art